Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the historical context of art in Ancient Rome: Students should be able to understand the importance of historical context in the formation of Roman art. This includes the influence of other cultures, such as Greek and Etruscan, and the main historical events that shaped Roman art.

2. Recognize the main characteristics of Roman art: Students should be able to identify and describe the distinct characteristics of Roman art. This includes the emphasis on realistic representation, the use of durable materials like marble, and common themes such as the glorification of the emperor.

3. Analyze and interpret Roman artworks: Students should develop skills in analysis and interpretation when examining Roman artworks. They should be able to discuss the meaning behind the images, the possible purposes for creating the work, and the emotions or ideas that the work may evoke.

   Secondary objectives:

   • Promote appreciation for Roman art: In addition to understanding and analyzing Roman art, students should be encouraged to appreciate the beauty and complexity of these artworks.

   • Foster the connection between art and history: Students should be encouraged to make connections between the art they study and the historical context in which it was created. This will help reinforce the importance of studying art in understanding history.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous content: The teacher should start the lesson by reminding students about Greek and Etruscan art, as these cultures had a significant influence on Roman art. Additionally, it is important to briefly recap the Roman Empire and the main events that marked this period. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem situations: The teacher can present two hypothetical situations to students to stimulate discussion:

   • Situation 1: 'Imagine you are a Roman sculptor hired to create a statue of the emperor. What characteristics would you consider essential to capture the essence of the emperor and the grandeur of the Roman Empire in your work?' (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Situation 2: 'Suppose you are an art historian trying to understand the meaning of a recently discovered Roman mural painting. How would you begin interpreting the work? Which elements of the painting would be most significant for your analysis?' (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher should explain the importance of Roman art, highlighting how it reflects the values and culture of Ancient Rome. The teacher may mention that many of the sculpture and painting techniques developed by the Romans are still used today, demonstrating the ongoing relevance of Roman art. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Capturing students' attention: To spark students' curiosity, the teacher can share some curiosities about Roman art:

   • Curiosity 1: 'Did you know that the Romans were the first to use glass in their mural paintings? They ground the glass into a powder and mixed it with other pigments to create bright and translucent colors.' (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Curiosity 2: 'And did you know that the Romans were known for copying art from other cultures? They often commissioned Greek sculptures and reproduced them on a large scale, placing the head of the Roman emperor on the body of the Greek god depicted.' (1 - 2 minutes)

By the end of the Introduction, students should have a clear understanding of what will be covered in the lesson and be motivated to learn more about Roman art.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Historical context of Roman art (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should start by explaining the historical context of Roman art. This includes the influence of Greek and Etruscan art, as well as the main historical events that shaped Roman art. The teacher can use a map to show the expansion of the Roman Empire and how it affected art and culture. It is important to highlight the importance of imperial patronage in the promotion and production of art, as well as the role of religion in the themes and style of artworks.

2. Characteristics of Roman art (5 - 7 minutes): Next, the teacher should explain the distinct characteristics of Roman art. This includes the emphasis on realistic representation, the use of durable materials like marble, and common themes such as the glorification of the emperor. The teacher can use images of Roman artworks to illustrate these points. Additionally, the teacher should discuss the importance of public space in the display of Roman art, such as statues in squares and murals in public buildings.

3. Analysis and interpretation of Roman artworks (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should then guide students in the analysis and interpretation of Roman artworks. The teacher can choose some significant Roman artworks and guide students through a step-by-step analysis. The teacher should encourage students to look at details such as facial expressions, gestures, and the composition of the artwork. Students should be encouraged to discuss what they think the artwork is trying to convey and how it reflects the historical and cultural context of Ancient Rome.

4. Practical activity: Creating an artwork inspired by Ancient Rome (5 - 7 minutes): To consolidate what they have learned, students will be invited to create their own artwork inspired by Ancient Rome. The teacher should provide materials such as clay, plaster, or colored pencils and paper. Students can choose to create a sculpture, a painting, or a drawing. The teacher should encourage students to incorporate the characteristics of Roman art they have learned, as well as to express an idea or emotion inspired by the historical context of Ancient Rome. Students should have the opportunity to share their artworks at the end of the lesson.

By the end of the Development, students should have a clear understanding of the historical context and characteristics of Roman art. They should also be able to analyze and interpret Roman artworks, as well as create their own artwork inspired by Ancient Rome.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group discussion (3 - 4 minutes): The teacher should initiate a group discussion about the solutions or conclusions reached by each student during the practical activity. Each student will have the opportunity to share their ideas, describe their artwork, and explain how it was inspired by Roman art. This discussion will allow students to learn from each other and see different interpretations and artistic expressions.

2. Connection to theory (3 - 4 minutes): The teacher should then connect the practical activity with the theory discussed during the lesson. The teacher can ask students how they applied the characteristics of Roman art in their artworks, and how the practical activity helped deepen their understanding of Roman art. The teacher should also reinforce the importance of making connections between theory and practice in the study of art.

3. Individual reflection (2 - 3 minutes): Finally, the teacher should ask students to make a brief individual reflection on what they learned during the lesson. The teacher can ask the following questions to guide students' reflection:

   1. 'What was the most important concept you learned today?'
   2. 'What questions have not been answered yet?'

   Students should have a minute to think about these questions. Then, they should share their answers with the class. This reflection will help students consolidate what they have learned and identify any areas that may need further study or clarification.

4. Feedback and closure (1 minute): The teacher should thank the students for their participation and effort during the lesson. The teacher should also take the opportunity to provide feedback to students on their artworks, praising strengths and offering suggestions for improvements. The teacher should encourage students to continue exploring Roman art outside the classroom and to ask questions if they have any doubts.

By the end of the Return, students should have a clear understanding of what they learned during the lesson and be motivated to continue learning about Roman art.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of contents (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should start the Conclusion by summarizing the main points discussed during the lesson. This includes the historical context of Roman art, the distinct characteristics of Roman art, and the techniques for analyzing and interpreting Roman artworks. The teacher can use a diagram or a list to visualize these points and help consolidate students' knowledge.

2. Connection between theory, practice, and applications (1 - 2 minutes): Next, the teacher should explain how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications. The teacher can highlight how the theoretical discussion about Roman art was applied in the practical activity of creating artworks. The teacher can also discuss how the skills of analyzing and interpreting Roman artworks can be applied in other contexts, such as interpreting contemporary art or analyzing art in advertising.

3. Extra materials (1 minute): The teacher should then suggest extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of Roman art. This may include books, documentaries, museum websites with online collections, or even visits to local museums that exhibit Roman art. The teacher should encourage students to explore these materials on their own, reinforcing the importance of autonomous learning.

4. Relevance of the topic (1 - 2 minutes): To conclude, the teacher should emphasize the importance of Roman art in the modern world. The teacher can discuss how Roman art influenced Western art and architecture, and how it continues to be relevant in understanding history and culture. The teacher can also highlight how the study of Roman art can develop valuable skills, such as critical analysis, appreciation for cultural diversity, and creative expression.

By the end of the Conclusion, students should have a clear and comprehensive understanding of Roman art, as well as the importance of its study. They should also feel motivated to continue exploring and learning about this fascinating period in art history.