Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of capacitance and its importance in electricity.

   • Define capacitance as the ability of an electrical system to store electric charge.

2. Learn how to calculate the capacitance of a capacitor.

   • Use the formula C = Q/V, where C is capacitance, Q is charge, and V is potential difference.

3. Develop skills to solve capacitance problems in simple circuits.

   • Apply the concept of capacitance in practical questions, such as the charging and discharging time of a capacitor.

Secondary objectives:

• Recognize the importance of capacitance in everyday life, such as in electronic circuits, batteries, household appliances, among others.

• Stimulate logical reasoning and problem-solving skills, which are useful in various areas of knowledge.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous concepts:

   • The teacher should start the class by reviewing basic electricity concepts, such as electric charge, electric potential, and electric current.
   • Additionally, it is important to review the difference between conductors and insulators, as these concepts will be directly related to the lesson's topic.
   • The teacher can do this through a quick oral review, asking students to define these terms and explain how they relate to electricity.

2. Problem situations:

   • The teacher can present two problem situations to spark students' interest:
     • "Imagine you have a capacitor that has a charge of 5 coulombs and a potential difference of 10 volts. What is the capacitance of this capacitor?"
     • "If you have a capacitor of 10 microfarads and a charge of 2 millicoulombs, what is the potential difference between the capacitor plates?"
   • The teacher should encourage students to think about how they can solve these problems, reminding them that they will learn how to calculate capacitance and solve these types of problems during the class.

3. Contextualization:

   • The teacher should explain the importance of capacitance in everyday life, mentioning practical examples such as the use of capacitors in electronic circuits, batteries, household appliances, among others.
   • It can also mention the importance of capacitance in areas such as electrical engineering, electronics, and information technology.

4. Introduction to the topic:

   • The teacher should introduce the topic of capacitance, explaining that this is a fundamental concept in electricity and allows the existence of electronic components such as capacitors.
   • Curiosities about the topic can be shared, such as the fact that the German physicist Michael Faraday was the first to propose the concept of capacitance in the 19th century, and that the farad, the unit of capacitance, was named in his honor.
   • To capture students' attention, the teacher can show a brief video or slide presentation demonstrating the application of capacitance in everyday situations.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Capacitor Construction Activity (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Divide the class into groups of up to 5 students and provide each group with the following materials: two sheets of aluminum foil, a piece of cardboard, a wire, a power source (can be an AA battery), and a voltmeter.
   • Explain that they will build a simple capacitor using the provided materials. A capacitor is a device that stores energy in an electric field. The aluminum foil sheets will function as the capacitor plates and the cardboard as the dielectric.
   • Instruct the students to cut two strips of aluminum foil and glue them on both sides of the cardboard, leaving a space between them. The cardboard should be folded in half so that the plates are facing each other but not touching.
   • Ask them to connect the wire to the aluminum foil of one plate and to the positive terminal of the power source. Do the same with the wire from the other plate, but connect it to the negative terminal of the power source.
   • Finally, ask them to measure the potential difference between the capacitor plates using the voltmeter. Students should record the value of the potential difference.
   • After the activity, the teacher should lead a brief classroom discussion, reviewing the capacitor construction process and the importance of the potential difference.

2. Capacitance Calculation Activity (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Still in their groups, students should calculate the capacitance of the capacitor they built.
   • Students should use the formula C = Q/V, where C is capacitance, Q is the charge (which is the potential difference measured in volts multiplied by the capacity of the power source in ampere-seconds), and V is the potential difference (measured in volts).
   • The teacher should circulate around the room, assisting groups that have difficulties and checking if the calculations are correct.
   • The teacher should encourage students to discuss their answers, promoting classroom discussion.
   • Finally, the teacher should ask a representative from each group to share the capacitance calculated by their group and explain the calculation process.

3. Connection to Theory (5 - 7 minutes)

   • After the practical activities, the teacher should make the connection to theory, explaining how the activities relate to the concept of capacitance and how it is calculated.
   • The teacher should review the formula C = Q/V, explaining the meaning of each term again.
   • The teacher should also highlight the importance of the capacitor as a fundamental component in various electronic devices and how the ability to calculate capacitance is a valuable skill in areas such as electrical engineering and electronics.

This stage of the lesson plan allows students to explore the concept of capacitance in a practical and interactive way, which helps consolidate their understanding of the topic. In addition, group activities encourage collaboration among students and the development of problem-solving skills.

Return (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (5 - 6 minutes)

   • Ask each group to share their experiences and conclusions from the practical activities. Each group will have up to 3 minutes to present.
   • Encourage students to explain not only their numerical results but also the reasoning process they used to reach those results.
   • The teacher should ask targeted questions to each group, encouraging them to explain what they learned and how the concept of capacitance applies to the practical activities.

2. Connection between Theory and Practice (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should then provide a quick review of the capacitance concept, reinforcing the importance of the formula C = Q/V and how it was applied in the practical activities.
   • The teacher can highlight how the practice of building a capacitor and calculating its capacitance helps visualize and better understand the theoretical concept.
   • The teacher should also recall practical examples of capacitance utilization in daily life and in different technology areas, reinforcing the relevance of what was learned.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes)

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose that students make an individual reflection on what they learned.
   • The teacher should ask questions such as: "What was the most important concept you learned today?", "What questions have not been answered yet?", and "How can you apply what you learned in everyday life or in other disciplines?".
   • Students should have a minute to think about these questions, and then the teacher can ask some volunteers to share their answers with the class.
   • This final reflection helps students consolidate what they learned and identify any gaps in their understanding, which can be addressed in future lessons.

4. Feedback and Closure (1 minute)

   • The teacher should thank the students for their participation and encourage them to continue exploring the topic of capacitance at home.
   • The teacher can also ask for feedback from students about the lesson, asking what they liked the most, what they found most challenging, and if they have any suggestions for future lessons.
   • Finally, the teacher should remind students of any homework assignments or additional readings that may be necessary to consolidate what was learned in the lesson.

The Return is a crucial stage of the lesson plan, as it allows the teacher to assess the students' level of understanding and reinforce the concepts learned. Additionally, it provides students with the opportunity to reflect on what they learned and how they can apply that knowledge in their lives. By giving and receiving feedback, the teacher and students can identify areas for improvement and adjust the lesson plan as needed.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recapitulation (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should start the Conclusion of the lesson by giving a brief summary of the key points discussed. This includes the concept of capacitance, the formula C = Q/V, and how to apply it to calculate the capacitance of a capacitor.
   • The teacher should remind students of the importance of capacitance in electricity and electrical circuits, reinforcing the practical examples discussed during the lesson.
   • The teacher can quickly review the calculations performed by students during the practical activities, highlighting common errors and explaining how to avoid them.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Next, the teacher should emphasize how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications.
   • The teacher should review the practical activities carried out, explaining how they helped illustrate the theoretical concept of capacitance and how the formula C = Q/V was applied in practice.
   • The teacher should also reaffirm the importance of capacitance in real-world applications, such as in electronic devices and electrical circuits.

3. Extra Materials (1 minute)

   • The teacher should suggest additional materials for students to deepen their understanding of the topic. This may include recommended readings, explanatory videos, interactive websites, and additional capacitance exercises.
   • For example, the teacher may recommend reading specific sections of a physics textbook, watching explanatory videos about capacitance on YouTube, exploring interactive capacitance simulations on science websites, and doing additional capacitance exercises in their physics workbook.
   • The teacher should remind students that understanding the topic of capacitance is gradual and that practice and review are essential to consolidate learning.

4. Importance of the Topic (1 minute)

   • Finally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of the lesson's topic for students' daily lives.
   • The teacher may mention again examples of how capacitance is relevant in their lives, such as in the operation of their electronic devices and household appliances.
   • The teacher should end the lesson by reminding students that physics is all around us and that understanding its basic principles, such as capacitance, can help us better comprehend the world around us.

The Conclusion is a crucial stage of the lesson plan, as it helps consolidate what was learned, establish connections between theory and practice, and encourage students to continue learning about the topic. By reinforcing the importance of the topic and suggesting additional study materials, the teacher demonstrates commitment to students' continuous learning.