(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of History

URCA/2012.2 - The Enlightenment had as its main characteristic the use of reason as the basic principle for the understanding of all phenomena. The so-called philosophers of the Enlightenment questioned the monarchy of divine origin and stated that the basis of social and political organization was in individualism. Relate the precursors of the Enlightenment movement to their main ideas. I. Isaac Newton II. Immanuel Kant III. René Descartes IV. John Locke ( ) Author of the phrase 'I think, therefore I am,' created the deductive method. Initiator of the movement known as rationalism. His main work was 'Discourse on the Method.' ( ) Wrote the book Second Treatise of Government: An Essay concerning the true original, extent, and end of Civil Government, in which he criticized despotic power and stated that the State and politics should exist to provide men with a better society to live in. ( ) Studied the laws of the Universe that governed the physical world, such as gravity or inertia. Defended the thesis that the universe was not static, but in continuous motion, with science being responsible for researching and describing the physical laws that governed it. ( ) Considered the last great philosopher of the principles of the modern era. He wrote, among other works, the Critique of Practical Reason, in which he discusses the principles of moral action, human action in relation to others, and the pursuit of happiness. The correct sequence is:

In a large number of countries and regions around the world, the 60s were characterized by the development of new forms of political expression and new social movements. The protagonists of these movements were diverse, but they had a common and initially surprising trait for many: they came from social groups different from those populating the worker, socialist, or communist movements of the 'Old Left'. They also had very different interests and demands from previous revolutionary movements. Whether they were young Germans fighting against aspects of their country's fascist past, French students in revolt against authoritarian aspects of French universities, or young Americans opposed to the Vietnam War, these people had a vision of total social transformation, but very different from the one centered on seizing state power or appropriating the means of production by the industrial proletariat, through the action of political parties acting on behalf of others. It could be the 'last great utopia', as many claim, but they stood out for a vision of transformation that, instead of subjugating the individual to the collectivity (as brutally happened in countries under Stalinist regime), started from the transformation of the individual and everyday social relations to dream and establish new forms of anti-hierarchical and anti-bureaucratic collective organization.

Ancient Egyptians developed a hierarchical system to organize their society, which was divided into three main classes: priests, nobles, and commoners. The nobles were responsible for managing royal properties and overseeing public services, priests were responsible for religious worship, while commoners were responsible for manual labor and agricultural activities. Who had the right to vote on political decisions in society?

During the period known as the 'Revolution of the Modern States', the political fragmentation characteristic of the Middle Ages gave way to centralized structures of power, with monarchs emerging as unifying figures of increasingly defined nations. This process not only reconfigured the political map of Europe but also deeply impacted social and economic organization, transforming the relationship between rulers and the ruled. In 'The Foundations of Power and Wealth', historian Norman Davies states that 'The emergence of modern states was not only the result of political and military forces, but also reflected a change in mentalities and methods of governance.' Considering the context presented and Davies' quote, develop a discursive essay addressing the following points: 1) Explain how the formation of European nation-states altered power dynamics and the political organization of the continent. 2) Discuss the social implications and the new governance paradigm that emerged with the centralization of power in the hands of monarchs and the transition to a more 'national' government.