(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Medium of Philosophy

By regulated citizenship, I understand the concept of citizenship whose roots are not in a code of political values, but in a system of occupational stratification, and moreover, such occupational stratification system is defined by legal norm. In other words, all those members of the community who are located in any of the recognized and defined occupations in the law are citizens. Citizenship is embedded in the profession and the rights of the citizen are restricted to the rights of the place they occupy in the productive process, as recognized by law. Thus, all those whose occupation is unknown to the law become pre-citizens [...].

In the work 'Nicomachean Ethics', Aristotle discusses ethics as the investigation of character dispositions that lead to the flourishing of human life in society. In a passage, he states: 'Ethics is not a theory, but a practice. We do not seek just to understand what virtue is, but we strive to become good.' Considering the context of ethical debates, especially regarding the formation of values and moral attitudes in contemporary society, evaluate the following hypothetical situation: In a culture where corruption is widely tolerated and even encouraged in various sectors, what ethical strategy could be employed to promote reflection and the adoption of more integral behaviors among individuals, taking into account Aristotle's thoughts on ethical practice and its role in shaping human character?

The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, in one of his most well-known works, 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra', presents the concept of the 'Superman' (Übermensch), as a figure to be achieved by man, surpassing his limits and transcending his human condition. This thought is strongly influenced by the historical-cultural context of the 19th century, marked by great scientific and technological advances, as well as profound social and political transformations. Considering this contextualization, how does Nietzsche's idea of the 'Superman' relate to the changes that occurred in the 19th century and what is the impact of this historical context on the formation of this concept?

During the Industrial Revolution, Karl Marx's political philosophy was forged amidst the social fabric that was transforming with the rise of capitalism and the inhumane working conditions in factories. Marx, in his critical analysis, established the idea that the economic structure of a society influences its set of ideas and institutions, and not the other way around, thus uniting philosophy with sociology and economics. In the contemporary context, the discussion on the relationships between work and value continues, but adapted to the complexities of the digital age, where immaterial work and the valorization of knowledge also become central. In 'Capital', Marx states: 'Capital is not a mere accumulation of commodities, it is essentially value in motion, value that valorizes itself.' Considering Marx's fragment and the proposed interdisciplinarity, analyze how the notion of value in work and the relationship between work and capital can be understood in the light of Marxist philosophy and contemporary economics. Furthermore, discuss how technology and the knowledge economy impact the understanding of work and value in today's society.