Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Understanding the Concept: Students should be able to understand what soil is, its characteristics, and its importance for plant life. They should be able to identify the different types of soil and understand how soil composition affects plant growth and development.

2. Practical Identification: Students should be able to identify different types of soil in practical situations, such as during a walk in the park or when planting a seed for a science project. They should use their observation skills to identify the characteristics of each type of soil (sand, clay, humus).

3. Application of Knowledge: Students should be able to apply the knowledge acquired about soil types in everyday situations. For example, they can use this knowledge to explain why some plants grow better in certain types of soil and why it is important to add fertilizer to enrich the soil.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson by reminding students about the concept of plants and what plants need to grow (water, sunlight, air, and nutrients). This can be done through questions and answers, drawings on the blackboard, or presentation of images. Then, the teacher should ask students what they know about soil and how it is important for plant growth. (5 minutes)

2. Problem Situations: The teacher should then present two situations that will arouse students' interest and instigate the need to study about soil. The first situation could be: 'Imagine you are planting a flower in your garden, but it doesn't grow. What do you think could be wrong?'. The second situation could be: 'You went to the beach and noticed that the plants growing in the sand are different from those growing elsewhere. Why do you think this happens?'. (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Contextualization of the Subject's Importance: The teacher should then explain to students that soil is very important because it is where plants root and obtain the nutrients they need to grow and develop. The teacher can use everyday examples, such as the importance of soil for agriculture and for maintaining parks and gardens. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction of the Topic: The teacher should introduce the lesson topic in an interesting and engaging way. For example, they can start by sharing a curiosity: 'Did you know that soil is formed by pieces of rocks that have been wearing down over thousands of years? And that there are different types of soil, each with its special characteristics?'. The teacher can illustrate this information with images or samples of different types of soil (sand, clay, humus) so that students can visualize and touch. (3 - 5 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Soil Observation and Analysis Activity: The teacher should prepare samples of different types of soil (sand, clay, humus) and organize them so that students can observe and touch them. In small groups, students should receive the samples and guidance to explore them. They should use their senses to describe the characteristics of each type of soil, such as texture, color, smell, and water retention capacity. The teacher should move around the room, assisting students and asking questions to guide the observation, such as: 'How does this soil resemble beach sand?' or 'Can you perceive any difference between clay and sand?'. (10 - 12 minutes)

2. Soil Classification Activity: After the observation, students should work in groups to classify the soil samples according to the observed characteristics. They should discuss in groups and reach a consensus on the classification of each sample. The teacher should move around the room, encouraging discussion and argumentation among students. In the end, each group should present their classification, justifying their choices. (8 - 10 minutes)

3. Connection with Theory Activity: After the practical activities, the teacher should lead a classroom discussion to connect students' observations and classifications with the theory. They should reinforce the concepts of each type of soil and its characteristics, explaining how these characteristics influence plant growth. The teacher can use illustrations on the blackboard or projected images to reinforce the connection between theory and practice. (5 - 7 minutes)

At this point, students should have gained a clear understanding of the soil concept and its different types. They should also be able to identify and describe the characteristics of each type of soil, which will allow them to better understand the phenomena they observe in nature and in their daily activities.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should gather all students for a group discussion, where each group will have the opportunity to share their conclusions and observations about the soil samples. This will allow students to hear different perspectives and understand that their observations may be similar or different from those of their peers. The teacher should encourage students to ask each other questions and share their opinions. During the discussion, the teacher should reinforce key concepts and clarify any doubts that may arise. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Connection with Theory (3 - 5 minutes): After the group discussion, the teacher should review the main points of the lesson and make the connection between theory and practice. For example, they can ask students how the soil characteristics they observed in their samples relate to what they learned about the different types of soil. The teacher should emphasize that science is not only about facts but also about observation, experimentation, and reflection. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes): To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose that students make a brief reflection on what they have learned. They can ask two simple questions to guide students' reflection:

   • Question 1: 'What was the biggest discovery you made today about the different types of soil?'.
   • Question 2: 'How can you use what you learned today about soil types in your daily life?'.

The teacher should give a minute for students to think about the answers and then can ask some volunteers to share their reflections with the class. The teacher should praise students' answers, reinforce the concepts learned, and encourage students to continue exploring and learning about the world around them. (2 - 3 minutes)

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Summary and Recapitulation: The teacher should start the conclusion by recalling the main points of the lesson. For example, they can review the different types of soil (sand, clay, humus) and their characteristics, emphasizing how these characteristics influence plant growth. The teacher can use the blackboard or slides to illustrate this review, if necessary. (2 - 3 minutes)

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Application: The teacher should then highlight how the lesson connected theory, practice, and application of knowledge. For example, they can mention how the practical activity of soil observation and classification allowed students to apply the theoretical concepts they learned. The teacher can also highlight how the knowledge acquired in the lesson can be applied in everyday situations, such as planting a seed at home or visiting a park. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Extra Materials and Homework: The teacher should suggest extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge on the subject. This may include books, websites, educational videos, interactive games, among others. For example, the teacher can recommend reading an illustrated book about life in the soil, visiting a botanical garden to observe different types of soil in nature, or conducting simple experiments at home to investigate soil properties. The teacher should also propose homework tasks that allow students to practice what they have learned. For instance, the teacher can ask students to observe the soil in their gardens or local parks and note its characteristics, or to try planting a seed in different types of soil and observe what happens. (3 - 4 minutes)

4. Importance of the Subject for Daily Life: Finally, the teacher should emphasize the importance of the subject studied for students' daily lives. For example, they can explain how knowledge about soil can help students take better care of their plants at home, understand the importance of soil for agriculture and environmental conservation, and appreciate the diversity and complexity of the natural world. The teacher should encourage students to observe the world around them more attentively and curiously, and to make connections between what they learn in school and what they experience outside of it. (2 - 3 minutes)