Objectives (5 minutes)

1. Understand the importance of disease prevention: Students should be able to understand why it is important to prevent diseases and how prevention can help maintain health and well-being.

2. Identify disease prevention measures: Students should be able to identify and describe basic disease prevention measures, such as handwashing, covering the mouth when coughing, and maintaining a healthy diet.

3. Apply disease prevention measures: Students should be able to apply the disease prevention measures learned in practical activities, such as washing hands correctly and demonstrating how to cover the mouth when coughing.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous concepts: The teacher will start the lesson by briefly reviewing previous concepts that are relevant to understanding the topic, such as what bacteria and viruses are, and how they can cause diseases. It is important to remind students about the importance of personal hygiene and the hygiene of their surroundings to prevent the spread of these disease-causing agents.

2. Problem situations:

   • The teacher can ask students if they have ever had to stay at home because they were sick or knew someone who had to stay at home because they were sick. This will help introduce the concept that diseases can be prevented.
   • Another proposed situation could be the following: "Imagine you are playing in the park and are going to have a snack. What would you do before eating to make sure you are eating safely and healthily?" This will help contextualize the importance of hand hygiene before meals.

3. Contextualization: The teacher should explain to students that disease prevention is a very important topic, and that they already do many things to prevent diseases without even realizing it, such as washing hands before meals or covering the mouth when coughing. In addition, they will learn new ways to stay healthy and avoid diseases.

4. Capturing students' attention: The teacher can share some curiosities or stories related to the topic to arouse students' interest. For example, they can talk about how the discovery that handwashing can prevent diseases was a major revolution in medicine, or about how lack of hand hygiene can cause many germs to spread. Another interesting curiosity is that the habit of covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing with the arm instead of the hands was a recommendation made during the swine flu pandemic in 2009 and continues to be important to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

The teacher should choose one of the proposed activities below to develop with the students. All activities are practical and allow students to apply the theoretical knowledge acquired about disease prevention.

1. "Washing hands correctly" (10 - 15 minutes):

   • The teacher should set up a counter with water and soap.
   • Divide the class into small groups and explain that each group will be responsible for "teaching" the rest of the class how to wash hands correctly.
   • Each student will have the opportunity to put their hands in the water with soap, and then their classmates will observe if the student washed all parts of the hands properly (palm, back, between fingers, nails, and wrist).
   • After each demonstration, the group will discuss what was observed, reinforcing the importance of all steps in disease prevention.
   • At the end of the activity, the teacher will highlight the most important points and remind the class when it is important to wash hands.

2. "Watch out for sneezing!" (10 - 15 minutes):

   • The teacher should prepare small paper balls.
   • Divide the class into small groups and explain that each group will receive one of the paper balls.
   • The goal of the activity is to demonstrate how germs can spread when we do not cover our mouth when coughing or sneezing.
   • The student with the paper ball should "sneeze" or "cough" towards the group. The group should observe how the "saliva" (represented by the paper ball) spreads.
   • After each demonstration, the group will discuss what was observed, reinforcing the importance of covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing.
   • At the end of the activity, the teacher will reinforce the important points and remind the class of the importance of covering the mouth with the arm when coughing or sneezing.

3. "Healthy cafeteria" (15 - 20 minutes):

   • The teacher should bring a variety of foods, some healthy and some not so healthy.
   • Divide the class into small groups and explain that each group will be responsible for "building" a healthy lunch plate.
   • Students should discuss in groups which foods they think should be on a healthy plate, and then choose the available foods to compose the plate.
   • During the activity, the teacher can take the opportunity to explain a little more about the importance of a balanced diet for disease prevention.
   • At the end of the activity, the teacher will reinforce the important points and remind the class of the importance of a healthy diet for disease prevention.

These activities are suggestions and can be adapted to the class's reality or available materials. The important thing is that students participate actively and can experience practically the importance of disease prevention.

Feedback (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group discussion (5 - 7 minutes):

   • The teacher should gather all students in a large circle and start a group discussion about the activities carried out. Each group will have the opportunity to share what they learned or observed during the activity they performed.
   • While the groups are presenting, the teacher should encourage other students to ask questions or share their own experiences related to disease prevention.
   • During the discussion, the teacher should reinforce important concepts, correct any misunderstandings, and praise students for their contributions.

2. Connection with theory (3 - 5 minutes):

   • After the discussion, the teacher should make the connection between practical activities and theory. The teacher can ask students how the activities they performed relate to what they learned about disease prevention.
   • The teacher should also reinforce the most important concepts, explaining again the importance of washing hands correctly, covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing, and maintaining a healthy diet.

3. Individual reflection (2 - 3 minutes):

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose that students reflect on what they have learned. The teacher can ask two simple questions to help students reflect on the content of the lesson:
     1. "What was the most important thing you learned today about preventing diseases?"
     2. "What will you do from now on to stay healthy and prevent diseases?"
   • Students should have a moment to think about these questions and, if they feel comfortable, they can share their answers with the rest of the class.

This feedback is a vital part of the lesson plan, as it allows the teacher to assess how well students understood the material and if they were able to apply what they learned. Additionally, it helps reinforce important concepts and motivate students to continue learning about disease prevention.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Lesson Summary (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should conclude the lesson by summarizing the main points covered. This may include the importance of disease prevention, the basic prevention measures discussed (such as washing hands correctly, covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing, and maintaining a healthy diet), and the practical activities carried out to reinforce these concepts.

2. Connection between Theory and Practice (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should explain again how the lesson connected theory (the importance of disease prevention and basic prevention measures) with practice (handwashing activities, mouth covering, and choosing healthy foods). This can help students better understand how what they learned in the lesson applies to real life.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher can suggest extra materials for students to deepen their knowledge on the topic. This may include books, videos, online games, or educational websites that address disease prevention in a playful and interesting way. For example, the teacher can suggest the game "Salve-se Quem Puder" from the Fiocruz website, which teaches about the importance of personal hygiene in disease prevention.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of the subject discussed in the lesson. They can explain that disease prevention is an essential life skill that helps maintain health and well-being. Additionally, the teacher can emphasize that the prevention measures learned in the lesson can be applied not only at school but also at home and in other places, contributing to the health of the entire community.

This conclusion is a crucial step to ensure that students leave the lesson with a clear understanding of what was taught and the relevance of the subject. Additionally, by suggesting extra materials, the teacher encourages students' autonomy in seeking knowledge and reinforces the importance of continuous learning.