Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding Volume and Cubes: The main objective of this lesson is for students to understand the concept of volume and its relationship with cubes. They should understand that volume is the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object, and that in certain cases, volume can be represented by the number of cubes that fit inside the object.

2. Identification of Cubes: Students should be able to identify a cube, recognizing its characteristics. They should be able to distinguish a cube from other three-dimensional shapes and understand that a cube has 6 identical square faces.

3. Practical Application: Students should be able to apply the concept of volume and cubes in practical situations. They should be able to estimate and compare volumes of different everyday objects, using the unit of measure 'cube' intuitively.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher starts the lesson by reminding students about the concepts of shape and space that were covered in previous classes. Some images and objects will be presented for students to identify their shapes and discuss the space they occupy.

2. Problem Situations: The teacher proposes two problem situations to engage students and introduce the topic of the lesson:

   • First situation: The teacher presents a shoebox and asks students how many cubes of the same size as a school eraser they think can fit inside the box.
   • Second situation: The teacher brings an aquarium and asks students how many liters of water they think can fit in the aquarium, leading them to think about the capacity of a three-dimensional object.

3. Contextualization: The teacher explains that calculating volumes is very important in various areas such as architecture, engineering, cooking, and even in games like the famous 'Tetris', where it is necessary to calculate the space occupied by the pieces.

4. Gaining Attention: To spark students' interest, the teacher presents two curiosities:

   • First curiosity: The teacher shows an image of an ice cube and asks students what happens to the cube when it melts. After the answers, the teacher explains that the ice melts occupying the same volume, but now in the form of water.
   • Second curiosity: The teacher shows an image of the world's largest magic cube and comments that it has more than 33 million possible combinations, showing the complexity and fun that a simple cube can provide.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory - What is a Cube? (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher starts the theoretical part of the lesson by explaining that a cube is a three-dimensional solid that has six identical square faces.
   • They draw a cube on the board, highlighting its six faces, eight vertices, and twelve edges.
   • The teacher presents examples of everyday objects that are cubes, such as a game die, a matchbox, and a building block.

2. Theory - What is Volume? (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher introduces the concept of volume, explaining that it is the amount of space that an object occupies in three dimensions (length, width, and height).
   • Using the board, they draw three different flat figures (a square, a rectangle, and a triangle) and demonstrate that, even though they have the same area, they have different volumes.
   • The teacher emphasizes that volume is a three-dimensional measure, while area is a two-dimensional measure.

3. Theory - Relationship between Cubes and Volume (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher explains that, in some cases, volume can be measured by the number of cubes that fit inside the object.
   • They draw an arbitrary object on the board and, next to it, a representation in the form of cubes, showing that the number of cubes corresponds to the volume of the object.
   • The teacher emphasizes that to make this representation, the cubes must all be the same size.

4. Activity - Building a Cube (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher proposes that students build a cube using toothpicks and modeling clay.
   • Students, in groups, will receive a number of toothpicks and clay and should assemble a cube.
   • The teacher circulates around the room, assisting students in the assembly and reinforcing the characteristics of the cube.

5. Activity - Exploring Volume (5 - 7 minutes)

   • Using the constructed cubes, the teacher proposes that students estimate how many cubes would be needed to fill the cube they built.
   • Each group will make their estimate and then fill the cube with the small clay cubes, checking if their estimate was correct.
   • The teacher circulates around the room, assisting students and promoting discussion about the estimates.

6. Activity - Comparing Volumes (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher brings different everyday objects, such as a juice box, a soda can, and a pack of cookies, and proposes that students compare their volumes.
   • Students, in groups, will discuss and make their estimates of how many of their constructed cubes would fit inside each object.
   • The teacher circulates around the room, assisting in the discussion and promoting reflection on the volumes of the objects.

These activities will allow students to assimilate the concept of volume and its relationship with cubes in a practical and dynamic way. Additionally, they stimulate cooperation, creativity, and problem-solving skills.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher gathers all students in a large circle and proposes a group discussion about the solutions found by each team in the practical activities.
   • Each group will have the opportunity to share their volume estimates and the number of cubes they used to fill the constructed object, as well as their volume comparisons between different objects.
   • The teacher will encourage everyone to express their opinions and solutions, promoting an environment of respect and appreciation for diversity of thoughts.

2. Connection with Theory (2 - 3 minutes)

   • After the group presentations, the teacher will make the connection between the practical activities carried out and the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson.
   • They will highlight how the practical activities helped visualize and better understand the concept of volume and its relationship with cubes.

3. Final Reflection (3 - 4 minutes)

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher proposes that students reflect on what they have learned.
   • They will ask two simple questions:
     1. How can you apply what you learned today in your daily lives?
     2. What did you find most interesting or challenging in today's lesson?
   • Students will have a minute to think about the answers and then can share their reflections with the class, if they wish.

4. Teacher's Feedback (1 minute)

   • The teacher thanks everyone for their participation and provides brief feedback on the lesson, highlighting strengths and areas that can be improved.
   • They reinforce the importance of teamwork, creativity, and problem-solving, and encourage students to continue exploring and learning about the world around them.

This feedback allows the teacher to assess students' understanding of the topic and reinforce important concepts. Additionally, it provides a moment for reflection and sharing of ideas, promoting greater understanding and appreciation of learning.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Key Points (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher begins the conclusion of the lesson by recapping the key points covered. They reinforce the definition of volume as the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object and the relationship between volume and cubes.
   • They reiterate the characteristics of a cube - six identical square faces, eight vertices, and twelve edges - and how representing an object with cubes can help calculate its volume.
   • The teacher also highlights the importance of volume in various areas and situations, from building construction to organizing objects in a box.

2. Connection between Theory and Practice (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher explains how the lesson connected mathematical theory with practice. They mention the group activities, where students built cubes and estimated volumes, as examples of practical application of the concepts learned.
   • They emphasize that by manipulating the cubes and comparing volumes, students were able to visualize and better understand the abstract concept of volume.

3. Extra Materials (1 minute)

   • To deepen students' understanding of the subject, the teacher suggests some extra materials for study at home. They may recommend math textbooks that address the topic of volume and cubes, educational websites with games and interactive activities on the subject, and educational videos available on the internet.
   • The teacher may also suggest that students explore volume in different everyday situations, such as organizing toys in a box, filling a glass with water, or comparing the size of food packages.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher emphasizes the importance of the subject for students' daily lives. They explain that understanding volume and the capacity of an object can help them solve practical problems, such as calculating the amount of water that fits in a container, or organizing and storing objects efficiently.
   • They also mention that the ability to visualize and understand three-dimensional space is useful in various areas, from mathematics and physics to art and design.

This conclusion allows students to review the main concepts of the lesson, connect theory with practice, and understand the importance of what they have learned. Additionally, it provides resources for students to continue exploring and deepening their knowledge on the topic.