Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. General understanding of the digestive system: The main objective is to ensure that students understand what the digestive system is and its function in the human body. They should be able to identify and name the main parts of the system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

2. Identification of digestion processes: Students should be able to describe the main processes that occur in the digestive system. This includes chewing, the transport of food through the esophagus, the action of gastric juice in the stomach, the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and the formation of feces in the large intestine.

3. Understanding the importance of healthy eating: Last but not least, students should understand the importance of healthy eating for the proper functioning of the digestive system and for overall health maintenance. They should be able to identify some healthy foods and explain why they are good for the body.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Review of previous content: The teacher will start the lesson by reminding students about the human body, the concept of organs, and body systems. This can be done through a question and answer game or a brief group discussion. The goal is to ensure that all students have a basic understanding of these concepts before moving on to the topic of the day.

2. Problem-based situations: The teacher will then present two problem-based situations to the students. The first situation could be: 'What would happen if we didn't need to eat to live?'. The second situation could be: 'What do you think happens to the food after we swallow it?'. These situations should stimulate students' curiosity and prepare them for the topic of the day.

3. Contextualization: The teacher will explain that the digestive system is very important for our body, as it is responsible for transforming the food we eat into substances that our body can use to grow and stay healthy. Examples from students' daily lives can be used, such as the importance of chewing food well to facilitate digestion and choosing healthy foods to keep the body strong.

4. Capturing students' attention: To spark students' interest, the teacher can share some fun facts about the digestive system. For example, they can mention that the small intestine, which is the longest part of the digestive system, is not actually that 'small', but it is about 6 meters long! Another fun fact could be that saliva, produced in the mouth, contains an enzyme that helps start the digestion of food.

5. Introduction to the topic: Finally, the teacher will introduce the topic of the day - the digestive system - and explain that they will learn more about how this system works and why it is so important for our health.

Development (15 - 18 minutes)

1. Activity 1: 'Digestion Pathway'

   1.1 The teacher will divide the class into groups of 4 to 5 students. Each group will receive a large piece of cardboard or craft paper, colored pens, crayons, and a set of cards with drawings representing the different organs of the digestive system.

   1.2 The objective of the activity is for students to create a 'digestion pathway' on the cardboard, by sticking the organ cards in the order that food passes through the digestive system. They should draw arrows indicating the movement of food.

   1.3 Before starting the activity, the teacher should briefly review the order of the organs in the digestive system with the students.

   1.4 The teacher circulates around the room, providing guidance and clarifying doubts as needed.

   1.5 After completing the activity, each group will present their 'digestion pathway' to the class, explaining the role of each organ in the digestion process.

2. Activity 2: 'Digestion Factory'

   2.1 For this activity, the teacher will prepare several empty boxes (of different sizes), representing the different organs of the digestive system, and a variety of art materials (such as crumpled paper, raw pasta, pom poms, etc.) representing the 'food'.

   2.2 Students will be divided into groups, and each group will receive a box and a type of 'food'. They must work together to represent the digestion process by inserting the 'food' into the correct box.

   2.3 The teacher circulates around the room, guiding the students and answering any questions or doubts.

   2.4 When all groups finish, they will present their 'digestion factories' to the class, explaining what each organ does in the digestion process.

3. Activity 3: 'Healthy Eating'

   3.1 The teacher prepares a selection of images of different foods, some healthy and others unhealthy.

   3.2 Students will be divided into groups, and each group will receive a set of food images. They must classify the foods into two categories: healthy and unhealthy.

   3.3 After the classification, each group will present their categories to the class, explaining why they consider a certain food healthy or unhealthy.

Observations:

• The teacher must ensure that all activities are conducted in a playful and inclusive manner, allowing all students to participate actively and learn at their own pace.
• The teacher can choose one or two activities, depending on the available time. If necessary, activities can be resumed in subsequent classes.

Return (10 - 13 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (5 - 7 minutes):

   1.1 After the group presentations, the teacher will gather all students in a large circle for a group discussion. They can start by asking if anyone remembers what the main function of the digestive system is. This serves to reinforce the learned concept and to assess the level of students' understanding.

   1.2 Next, the teacher can ask each group to share one new thing they learned during the activities. This helps reinforce learning and value each group's contributions.

   1.3 The teacher can then ask questions to all students. For example, 'What happens if we skip the step of chewing food?', 'What are the main functions of the stomach?' and 'Why is it important to choose healthy foods?'.

   1.4 The teacher should encourage all students to participate in the discussion, reinforcing that all answers are valid and that the goal is to learn from each other.

2. Connection to Theory (3 - 4 minutes):

   2.1 After the group discussion, the teacher can recap the main points of the lesson, connecting the practical activities with the theory. For example, they can say: 'Remember when we talked about the small intestine? In the 'Digestion Pathway' activity, we saw that it is responsible for absorbing nutrients from food'.

   2.2 The teacher can also reinforce the importance of healthy eating, connecting it to the 'Healthy Eating' activity. They can say: 'When we classified foods into healthy and unhealthy, we saw that healthy foods are those that give us the nutrients our body needs to function well'.

3. Final Reflection (2 - 3 minutes):

   3.1 To conclude the lesson, the teacher can propose that students reflect on what they have learned. This can be done through two simple questions: 'What did you find most interesting about the digestive system?' and 'How can you use what you learned today to take better care of your health?'.

   3.2 The teacher should give a minute for students to think about the questions and then ask some of them to share their answers with the class.

   3.3 The goal of this reflection is to help students internalize what they have learned and realize the relevance of the content to their lives.

Observations:

• The teacher should monitor the group discussion, ensuring that all students have the opportunity to participate and that the environment is respectful and welcoming to all opinions.
• The teacher should reinforce that there are no right or wrong answers to the reflection questions, as the goal is for students to express their own opinions and feelings.
• The teacher should encourage students to continue learning about the digestive system at home, whether through books, videos, interactive games, or conversations with their families.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recap (2 - 3 minutes):

   1.1 The teacher starts the conclusion by summarizing the main points covered in the lesson. They can begin by recalling the function of the digestive system, which is to transform the food we eat into substances that our body can use to grow and stay healthy.

   1.2 Next, the teacher recaps the parts of the digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine) and the digestion processes that occur in each of them.

   1.3 The teacher also reinforces the importance of chewing, gastric juice, nutrient absorption, and feces formation for the proper functioning of the digestive system.

   1.4 The teacher concludes the summary by highlighting the importance of healthy eating for health maintenance and the proper functioning of the digestive system.

2. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes):

   2.1 The teacher suggests some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge about the digestive system. This can include books, websites, educational videos, and interactive apps.

   2.2 For example, they can recommend the book 'The Human Body' from the 'Discovering the World' series, which has colorful illustrations and simple explanations about the functioning of the human body.

   2.3 Another suggestion could be the website 'Kids Health' (www.kidshealth.org), which offers information about children's health in an accessible and fun way.

3. Theory-Practice Connection (1 - 2 minutes):

   3.1 The teacher highlights how the practical activities carried out in the lesson helped reinforce theoretical learning. They emphasize that the 'Digestion Pathway' activity allowed students to visualize the path that food takes in the digestive system, while the 'Digestion Factory' activity provided a more concrete understanding of the digestion processes.

   3.2 Additionally, the teacher mentions how the 'Healthy Eating' activity helped connect the lesson content with students' daily lives, showing the importance of making good food choices.

4. Subject Importance (1 minute):

   4.1 Finally, the teacher concludes the lesson by reinforcing the importance of the subject studied. They explain that by understanding how the digestive system works, students can make more conscious decisions about their diet and take better care of their health.

   4.2 The teacher also mentions that knowledge about the digestive system is fundamental for understanding other science topics and for forming an integrated view of the human body.

Observations:

• The teacher should ensure that the end of the lesson is calm and organized, allowing students to absorb the learned concepts and reflect on them.
• The teacher should encourage students to explore the extra materials at home, reminding them that learning is not limited to class time and that they can continue deepening their knowledge about the digestive system and other subjects.
• The teacher should reinforce that all questions and doubts are welcome and that they are available to clarify any points that students may not have fully understood.