Objectives (5-7 minutes)

1. Understand the structure of the human eye: Students should be able to identify and describe the different parts of the human eye, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve, and sclera. They should also understand the role of each part in the formation of vision.

2. Understand the image formation process in the human eye: Students should be able to explain how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, where the images are inverted and sent to the brain via the optic nerve.

3. Discuss conditions that affect human vision: Students should be able to identify and discuss common eye conditions such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism, and how they affect vision. They should also understand the leading causes of blindness.

Secondary objectives:

• Promote awareness about the importance of eye health: Students should understand the importance of taking care of their eye health and recognize the need for regular eye exams.
• Develop research and presentation skills: By researching the topic and preparing presentations, students will develop important skills such as the ability to find relevant information, synthesize it, and present it clearly and effectively.

Introduction (10-15 minutes)

1. Review of related content: The teacher begins the lesson by reviewing concepts about the sensory system, especially the visual system, that students have already studied. It is important to review the general functioning of the sensory organs and the importance of vision for perceiving the world around us.

2. Problem situations: The teacher proposes two situations that pique students' curiosity and prepare them for the content to be covered. They could be asked about how we are able to see an object that is far away or up close, and why some people wear glasses or contact lenses to improve their vision.

   • Why do we sometimes see close-up objects blurry and far-away objects clear when we wear glasses?
   • How is the lens of a camera similar to the lens of the human eye?

3. Contextualization: The teacher contextualizes the importance of the topic, explaining how vision is one of the most essential senses for everyday life and how knowledge about the functioning of the human eye can help to understand and even prevent vision problems.

4. Grabbing students' attention: To capture students' interest, the teacher can share some curiosities related to the topic:

   • Fun fact 1: The human eye can distinguish between 10 million different colors.
   • Fun fact 2: The human eye is the only organ in the body that can be successfully transplanted.
   • Fun fact 3: When we look at an object, the brain takes only about one-tenth of a second to process what we see and form an image.

By the end of the Introduction, students should be curious and motivated to learn more about vision and the human eye.

Development (20-25 minutes)

1. Theory and structure of the human eye (8-10 minutes):

   • Cornea and sclera: The teacher explains that the cornea is the clear outer layer of the eye that protects the iris and pupil. The sclera, which is the white part of the eye, covers most of the eye and gives it its shape and structure.
   • Iris and pupil: The teacher explains that the iris is the colored part of the eye and the pupil is the black dot in the center of the iris. He/she discusses how the iris and pupil work together to control the amount of light that enters the eye.
   • Lens: The teacher demonstrates that the lens is a flexible lens that changes shape to focus light on the retina. He/she discusses how the loss of flexibility of the lens can lead to presbyopia, a common condition in older people.
   • Retina and optic nerve: The teacher explains that the retina is the inner layer of the eye that contains light-sensitive cells. He/she discusses how the cells in the retina convert light into electrical signals, which are sent through the optic nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted as images.

2. Image formation in the human eye (5-7 minutes):

   • Introduction to the process: The teacher explains that when light enters the eye, it is focused by the lens onto the retina, where the image is inverted.
   • Connection to the brain: The teacher discusses how the electrical signals from the photoreceptors in the retina are sent through the optic nerve to the brain, where they are processed and interpreted as images.
   • Discussion about the inversion of the image: The teacher provokes students' thinking by asking why we don't see the world upside down, considering that the image is inverted on the retina.

3. Conditions that affect human vision (7-8 minutes):

   • Nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism: The teacher briefly explains common eye conditions, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism, and how they affect vision. He/she may use diagrams or models to illustrate these conditions.
   • Leading causes of blindness: The teacher discusses the leading causes of blindness, such as eye diseases, eye injuries, and medical conditions like diabetes.

4. Questions and answers (2-3 minutes): The teacher encourages students to ask questions about the content presented and answers them to the best of his/her ability. This helps to ensure that students have understood the material and also allows the teacher to clarify any misconceptions that may have arisen during the introduction of the subject matter.

Feedback (10-12 minutes)

1. Review and synthesis (4-5 minutes): The teacher does a quick review of the main points discussed during the lesson, reinforcing the key concepts and clarifying any remaining doubts. He/she can use a visual summary, such as a diagram of the human eye, to help students visualize and better understand the information. The teacher can also ask students to share what they have learned, giving them the opportunity to reinforce their own understanding and to hear their classmates' perspectives.

2. Connection to practice (3-4 minutes): The teacher guides students to relate what they have learned to real-life situations. They can discuss how understanding the functioning of the human eye can help to understand and even prevent vision problems. The teacher can also propose a practical activity, such as observing and discussing different types of lenses (e.g., magnifying glasses, polarized sunglasses, etc.) and how they affect vision.

3. Reflection on learning (3-4 minutes): The teacher asks students to reflect on what they have learned during the lesson, asking questions such as:

   • What was the most important concept you learned today?
   • What questions do you still have?
   • How can you apply what you have learned today in your daily life or in other areas of study?

4. Feedback and evaluation (1-2 minutes): The teacher concludes the lesson by asking students for feedback on the content and methodology of the lesson. He/she can also evaluate students' understanding through a short quiz or review activity. This will help the teacher assess the effectiveness of the lesson and plan future lessons according to the students' needs and interests.

Conclusion (5-7 minutes)

1. Lesson summary (2-3 minutes): The teacher summarizes the main points discussed during the lesson, reinforcing the key concepts about the structure of the human eye, the image formation process, and the conditions that affect human vision. He/she also reiterates the importance of eye health and the need for regular eye exams.

2. Connection between theory, practice, and applications (1-2 minutes): The teacher reinforces the connection between the theory presented and practice, highlighting how knowledge about the human eye and vision can be applied to understand and prevent vision problems. He/she can also mention how understanding the visual system is important in various fields, such as medicine, biology, physics, and art.

3. Suggestion of extra materials (1-2 minutes): The teacher suggests some additional materials for students who want to deepen their understanding of the topic. These could include books, documentaries, educational websites, and interactive learning apps about the human body and vision.

   • Suggested book: "The Human Eye" by Michael Land and David Nilsson.
   • Suggested documentary: "The Human Eye: How We See the World" by National Geographic.
   • Suggested website: "The Vision Learning Center" - an educational website that provides in-depth information about the human eye and vision, including animations and interactive simulations.
   • Suggested app: "Human Body 3D" - a learning app that allows users to explore the human body in 3D, including the human eye.

4. Importance of the topic in everyday life (1 minute): Finally, the teacher emphasizes the relevance of the topic, stressing how knowledge about vision and the human eye is essential for everyday life. He/she can mention how vision is crucial for most human activities and how awareness about eye health can help prevent vision problems and maintain a good quality of life.