Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

During the first phase of the lesson, the teacher will:

1. Introduce the topic of "Torque and Angular Momentum" to the students, providing them with a brief overview of what they will be learning. The teacher will explain that this lesson focuses on understanding the rotational forces and motion, which are an essential part of physics.

2. Present the learning objectives of the lesson. The teacher will explain that by the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

   • Define and explain what torque is and how it is calculated.
   • Discuss and understand the concept of angular momentum and its relationship with torque.
   • Apply the principles of torque and angular momentum to solve simple problems.

3. Contextualize the importance of the topic by providing real-world applications. The teacher will explain that torque and angular momentum are concepts used in various fields, such as engineering, sports, and even in everyday life (e.g., opening a bottle cap, riding a bicycle).

4. Introduce the flipped classroom methodology that will be used in this lesson. The teacher will explain that students will be introduced to the topic and related materials at home, and the class time will be used for discussion, clarification, and application of the learned concepts. The teacher will also guide the students on how to access the pre-recorded lecture and other materials that they will need for the home study.

5. Set the expectation that the students should come to the next class prepared with the basic understanding of the topic. The teacher will remind the students to take notes while studying the pre-recorded lecture and other materials at home, as they will need these during the class activities.

6. Encourage the students to bring any questions or points of confusion they might have about the topic to the next class. The teacher will assure the students that the class time will be dedicated to addressing these questions and reinforcing the learned concepts.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

During the second phase of the lesson, the teacher will:

1. Begin by reminding students of the basic concepts of force and motion that they have previously learned. The teacher will use this opportunity to introduce the idea that not all forces result in linear motion. Some forces can cause objects to rotate. This will serve as a foundation for the new topic of torque and angular momentum.

2. Present two problem situations to the students that will serve as a starting point for the development of the theory. The teacher will ask:

   • "Why is it easier to open a door by pushing on the edge farthest from the hinge?"
   • "How can a ballerina increase her speed of rotation by pulling her arms and legs closer to her body?" The students will be asked to think about these situations and come up with their own initial ideas.

3. Contextualize the importance of the subject by discussing its real-world applications. The teacher will explain that understanding torque and angular momentum is crucial in various fields, such as engineering (e.g., designing car engines or wind turbines), sports (e.g., gymnastics, figure skating), and even in everyday life (e.g., opening a bottle cap, riding a bicycle). The teacher will share a couple of interesting facts related to the topic, such as how a hammer and a wrench work based on the principle of torque.

4. Grab students' attention by sharing two intriguing facts or stories related to torque and angular momentum. The teacher will share:

   • The story of Archimedes, who said, "Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world." This quote illustrates the power of torque, which is essentially the same principle as a lever.
   • The teacher will show a video clip of a figure skater who is spinning slowly and then, by pulling in her arms, speeds up her rotation, demonstrating the principle of conservation of angular momentum.

By the end of the introduction, students should have a clear understanding of what they will be learning, why it is important, and how it relates to the real world. They should also be engaged and curious to explore the topic further.

Development

Pre-Class Activities (10 - 15 minutes)

During the third phase of the lesson, students will:

1. Watch a Pre-Recorded Lecture: The teacher will provide the students with a pre-recorded lecture that explains the concepts of torque and angular momentum in an engaging and easy-to-understand way. This lecture will include real-life examples and simple problem-solving exercises. The students will be instructed to watch the lecture at home and take notes on the key points.

2. Read a Chapter from their Textbook: The teacher will assign a specific chapter from the students' physics textbooks that provides a more detailed explanation of torque and angular momentum. The students will be asked to read this chapter at home, paying close attention to the examples and exercises.

3. Online Quiz: The teacher will provide an online quiz that covers the key concepts from the lecture and the textbook reading. This quiz will help the students to assess their own understanding of the topic and identify any areas of confusion that they might have.

In-Class Activities (25 - 30 minutes)

During the fourth phase of the lesson, the classroom will be transformed into an interactive learning space. Students will:

1. Activity 1 - The Door Problem: The teacher will present a problem on the board known as "The Door Problem." The scenario is that a student wants to open a door that is stuck. The teacher will ask the student to decide where to push the door, close to the hinge or far from it. The students will be divided into small groups and will be given 5 minutes to discuss and come up with their answers based on their understanding of torque.

   After the discussion, one representative from each group will share their answer and explain their reasoning. The teacher will then provide feedback, explaining the correct answer in terms of torque and angular momentum, and how the distance from the hinge affects the force required to open the door.

2. Activity 2 - The Ballerina Problem: The teacher will present a scenario known as "The Ballerina Problem." The scenario is that a ballerina wants to spin faster or slower during a performance. The teacher will ask the students to discuss what the ballerina could do to achieve this. Again, the students will be divided into small groups and will be given 5 minutes to discuss and come up with their answers based on their understanding of torque and angular momentum.

   After the discussion, one representative from each group will share their answer and explain their reasoning. The teacher will then provide feedback, explaining the correct answer in terms of torque and angular momentum, and how changing the distribution of her mass affects her rotation speed.

3. Activity 3 - Problem Solving: The teacher will then provide each group with a set of problem-solving cards. Each card represents a different problem that involves the application of torque and angular momentum. The students will be asked to work together to solve the problems on their cards, using the knowledge they've acquired from the lecture, textbook, and class discussion.

   The teacher will circulate the classroom, guiding and assisting the students as necessary. After the groups have had sufficient time to work on their problems, a representative from each group will share their solution with the class. The teacher will provide feedback, clarifications, and corrections as needed.

By the end of the in-class activities, students should have a solid understanding of the concepts of torque and angular momentum and be able to apply them to solve simple problems. They should also have had the opportunity to engage in collaborative learning and to receive immediate feedback on their understanding and problem-solving skills.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

During the fifth and final phase of the lesson, the teacher will:

1. Group Discussion: The teacher will facilitate a group discussion where each group will be asked to share their solutions and conclusions from the in-class activities. The teacher will encourage all students to participate and share their thoughts on how they approached and solved the problems. This will provide an opportunity for students to learn from each other's perspectives and methods, promoting a deeper understanding of the topic.

2. Linking Theory to Practice: After each group has presented, the teacher will summarize the key points from the discussion, linking the solutions and conclusions to the theoretical concepts of torque and angular momentum. The teacher will explain how the practical activities they engaged in during the class connect to the broader principles of physics. This will help students see the relevance and application of the theoretical knowledge they have acquired.

3. Reflection: The teacher will then ask the students to reflect on what they have learned during the class. The teacher will pose a few questions, such as:

   • "What was the most important concept you learned today?"
   • "Which questions have not yet been answered?"
   • "How do you plan to apply what you've learned in your daily life or other areas of study?" The students will be given a minute to think about these questions and then share their thoughts. This reflection will help students consolidate their learning and identify areas that they might need to revisit or clarify in the future.

4. Feedback on the Lesson: The teacher will conclude the feedback session by providing their own feedback on the students' performance during the class. The teacher will commend the students for their active participation and collaboration and will highlight the areas where they showed particular understanding and skill. The teacher will also provide constructive feedback on areas where the students might need to improve, offering suggestions for further study and practice.

5. Homework Assignment: Finally, the teacher will assign homework for the students. This will include reviewing the lecture and textbook materials, studying the solved problems from the class, and attempting to solve new problems related to torque and angular momentum. The students will be told to come prepared to the next class with any questions or difficulties they encounter while doing the homework.

By the end of the feedback session, the students should have a clear understanding of their progress and areas for improvement. They should also be equipped with the necessary materials and guidance to continue their learning and practice at home.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

During the final phase of the lesson, the teacher will:

1. Summary and Recap: The teacher will summarize the key points of the lesson, recapping the definition and calculation of torque, the concept of angular momentum, and their relationship. The teacher will also remind the students of the real-world examples and problem-solving exercises that they encountered during the class, emphasizing how these helped to illustrate the theoretical concepts. This summary will help to reinforce the students' understanding of the topic and consolidate their learning.

2. Connection of Theory, Practice, and Applications: The teacher will then reflect on the connections between the theoretical knowledge of torque and angular momentum, the practical exercises the students engaged in, and the real-world applications discussed throughout the lesson. The teacher will stress that understanding the theoretical principles enables us to predict and explain the way objects rotate. The teacher will also note that the practical exercises allowed the students to apply these principles in a hands-on way, while the real-world examples helped to highlight the relevance and importance of the topic. This discussion will help the students to appreciate the holistic nature of their learning.

3. Additional Materials: The teacher will suggest additional materials for the students to explore if they wish to delve deeper into the topic. This could include more advanced textbooks, online articles, videos, or interactive simulations on torque and angular momentum. The teacher will remind the students that these materials are not compulsory but can be helpful for those who want to extend their understanding or who have a particular interest in the topic.

4. Everyday Relevance: Finally, the teacher will conclude the lesson by reiterating the everyday relevance of the topic. The teacher will remind the students that torque and angular momentum are not just abstract concepts but are integral to many aspects of their lives, from opening a door or riding a bike to the design of car engines and the performance of figure skaters. The teacher will encourage the students to be mindful of these principles in action in their daily lives, fostering a sense of curiosity and appreciation for the physics that surrounds them.

By the end of the conclusion, the students should feel confident in their understanding of torque and angular momentum, appreciate the connections between theory and practice, and understand the relevance of the topic to their lives. They should also be equipped with the necessary resources to continue their learning journey on their own if they wish.