Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

The teacher will:

1. Introduce the topic of Narrative Techniques in English Literature, explaining that they are the tools used by authors to tell a story and convey their message effectively.
2. Define the three main objectives of the lesson, which are:
   • To understand the basic narrative techniques used in literature, such as point of view, character development, and plot structure.
   • To analyze how these techniques are used in specific texts, and how they contribute to the overall meaning and impact of the story.
   • To apply this understanding to their own writing, by using various narrative techniques to enhance their storytelling.
3. Briefly outline the activities that students will be engaging in during the lesson, including watching a video at home to introduce the topic, participating in a group activity to analyze a text's narrative techniques, and an individual reflective writing task to apply their learning.

Secondary objectives include:

• Encouraging students to think critically about the texts they read and the stories they tell.
• Developing students' ability to express their thoughts and ideas in writing.
• Fostering collaborative learning and discussion among students.

The teacher will also provide a brief overview of the flipped classroom methodology, explaining that students will be learning the basics at home and then applying their knowledge in class. This will help set the stage for the rest of the lesson.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

The teacher will:

1. Start the lesson by reminding students of the previous English lessons they have had, particularly those related to the understanding of literature. This will help to contextualize the new topic and facilitate the students' comprehension. The teacher will ask questions such as: "Can anyone remind us what 'point of view' means in a story?" and "How does the development of characters contribute to a story's plot?" (2 - 3 minutes)

2. Present two problem situations to the students that will serve as the basis for the development of the theory in this lesson:

   • The teacher will describe a scenario where two characters in a story have completely different perspectives on the same event. The students will be asked, "How can this difference in point of view change the way the story is told and understood?"
   • The teacher will share a story outline with the students and ask them to predict the outcome based on the events and the characters involved. Then, the teacher will ask, "What are some narrative techniques the author might use to surprise us and change the outcome?" (3 - 4 minutes)

3. Contextualize the importance of narrative techniques by relating them to real-world applications. The teacher will explain how understanding these techniques can enhance students' reading comprehension, their ability to write compelling stories, and even their understanding of real-life situations where different perspectives and plot twists can change the outcome. The teacher might say, "Imagine you're watching a movie and you can predict everything that's going to happen. Would it still be as interesting? Probably not, because one of the things that makes a story compelling is the way it's told – the narrative techniques the author or filmmaker uses." (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Grab the students' attention by sharing two interesting facts or stories related to narrative techniques:

   • The teacher might share the story of Agatha Christie, a famous mystery writer who was known for her use of plot twists. The teacher could say, "Agatha Christie was a master of the plot twist. She would often lead readers to believe one thing, only to reveal something completely unexpected at the end."
   • The teacher might also share an interesting fact about point of view, such as the fact that some authors have written entire novels from the perspective of an inanimate object. The teacher might say, "Have you ever wondered what it would be like to see the world from a different point of view? Some authors have, and they've written entire books from the perspective of a tree, a dog, and even a piece of furniture!" (3 - 4 minutes)

Development

• Pre-Class Activities (15 - 20 minutes)

  The teacher will:

  1. Assign a video for students to watch at home, introducing the topic of Narrative Techniques in English Literature. The video should be engaging and informative, ensuring it covers the basics of narrative techniques, including point of view, character development, and plot structure. (5 - 7 minutes)

  2. After watching the video, students will take an interactive quiz online to check their understanding of the key concepts. The quiz will be designed to assess students' comprehension of the material and will include multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions. (5 - 7 minutes)

  3. For deeper understanding and to encourage independent research, students will be required to read a short article or blog post about the use of narrative techniques in a specific book or author's work. They will be asked to identify and make notes on the narrative techniques used and their impact on the story. (5 - 6 minutes)

• In-Class Activities (20 - 25 minutes)

  The teacher will:

  1. Split the students into groups of four or five. Each group will be given a short story or excerpt from a novel that employs various narrative techniques. The texts should be chosen in a way that each group has a different narrative technique as the focus. (3 - 4 minutes)

  2. The teacher will explain the group task: Each group must analyze their given text and identify the narrative technique it uses as well as to what effect. The groups will then discuss and prepare a short presentation explaining their findings to the class. The presentation should include a brief summary of the text, the identified narrative technique, and how it contributes to the story. (10 - 12 minutes)

  3. Following the group presentations, the teacher will facilitate a class discussion, encouraging students to compare and contrast the narrative techniques used in the different texts. This will allow students to see how different techniques can be used to achieve different effects and deepen their understanding of the topic. (5 - 6 minutes)

  4. Conclude the in-class activities with a reflective writing task. Each student will be asked to write a short paragraph (around 100 words) about the most interesting thing they learned during the lesson. This will provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their learning and for the teacher to gauge their understanding of the topic. (2 - 3 minutes)

  5. The teacher will collect the students' written reflections for review and provide feedback in the next class. This will help the teacher to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and to identify any areas of the topic that may require further clarification in the next class.

By the end of the development stage, students should have a comprehensive understanding of the narrative techniques in literature, how they are used, and the impact they can have on a story.

Feedback (10 - 15 minutes)

The teacher will:

1. Initiate a group discussion where each group presents their findings from the group activity. Each group will be given up to 5 minutes to share their analysis of the narrative technique in their assigned text, the reasons behind their conclusions, and how they believe the technique contributes to the overall story. The teacher will facilitate these discussions, providing prompts and asking probing questions to ensure that the students are understanding and articulating the concepts correctly. (5 - 7 minutes)

2. After all the groups have presented, the teacher will summarize the main points from the discussions, emphasizing the diversity of narrative techniques and their effects. The teacher will then lead a short wrap-up discussion, connecting the students' findings to the theoretical knowledge they gained from the pre-class video and article. The teacher will ask questions such as, "How does the narrative technique you analyzed in your group's text relate to the ones we discussed in the video and article?" and "Can you think of other examples in literature or even in movies where these narrative techniques are used?" (3 - 4 minutes)

3. Conclude the feedback stage by asking students to reflect on their learning. The teacher will pose a few reflective questions for the students to consider, such as:

   • "What was the most important concept you learned today?"
   • "What questions do you still have about narrative techniques?"
   • "How will you apply what you've learned about narrative techniques in your own writing or reading?"

   The teacher will ask the students to take a moment to think about these questions and then share their thoughts. The teacher will listen to the students' responses, providing clarifications where needed, and taking note of any lingering questions or areas of confusion to address in the next class. (2 - 3 minutes)

In addition to the group discussions and individual reflections, the teacher can also use other feedback methods such as quick quizzes or exit tickets to assess the students' understanding of the topic and their learning process. These can be administered online or on paper, depending on the resources available. The teacher will collect and review these assessments to gauge the effectiveness of the lesson and the students' grasp of the topic.

By the end of the feedback stage, the teacher should have a clear understanding of the students' learning outcomes and any areas that may need further reinforcement or clarification in the next class. The students should also have a solid understanding of the narrative techniques in literature and their application, as well as the ability to reflect on their learning and articulate their thoughts and ideas.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

The teacher will:

1. Recap the main points of the lesson, reminding the students about the narrative techniques they learned, such as point of view, character development, and plot structure. The teacher will also highlight the importance of these techniques in telling a story effectively and engagingly. (1 - 2 minutes)

2. Summarize the activities the students engaged in during the lesson, from the pre-class video and quiz to the group analysis of narrative techniques in different texts, to the individual reflective writing task. The teacher will emphasize how each activity contributed to the students' understanding and application of the topic. (1 - 2 minutes)

3. Suggest additional materials for students who want to explore the topic further. These could include:

   • A list of recommended books or stories that showcase different narrative techniques.
   • Links to online resources or videos that delve deeper into the subject.
   • Writing prompts that encourage students to practice using narrative techniques in their own writing. (1 - 2 minutes)

4. Explain how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications. The teacher will highlight how the pre-class video and article provided the theoretical knowledge, the group activity allowed students to practice analyzing narrative techniques, and the reflective writing task and class discussion encouraged students to think about the practical applications of what they learned. The teacher will also emphasize how understanding and using narrative techniques can enhance students' comprehension of literature, their ability to write engaging stories, and even their understanding of real-world situations. (1 - 2 minutes)

5. Lastly, the teacher will encourage students to reflect on the lesson and think about how they can apply what they've learned in their own reading and writing. The teacher might say, "The next time you're reading a book or watching a movie, pay attention to the narrative techniques the author or filmmaker is using. How do these techniques affect your understanding and enjoyment of the story? And when you're writing your own stories, consider how you can use these techniques to engage your readers and make your story more compelling." (1 - 2 minutes)

By the end of the conclusion stage, the students should have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the narrative techniques in literature, their application, and their significance. They should also have the resources and motivation to continue exploring the topic on their own, and the confidence to apply what they've learned in their own reading and writing. The teacher should feel confident in the effectiveness of the lesson and the students' grasp of the topic, and have a clear plan for addressing any areas of confusion or further exploration in the next class.