Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Understanding the concept of plural in English: The teacher must ensure that students understand the definition of plural in English and how it differs from Portuguese. This includes the Introduction of the concept of irregular nouns and the rule for forming the plural for regular nouns.

2. Identification of singular and plural nouns: Students should be able to identify whether a noun is in singular or plural form. This involves the ability to recognize the formation of the plural in regular nouns and the memorization of irregular nouns.

3. Practice of forming the plural in English: Students should practice forming the plural in English, applying the rules learned in exercises. This includes the correct writing and pronunciation of the plural.

Secondary Objectives:

• Development of listening skills: While the teacher explains the concept of plural in English, students should develop listening skills, paying attention to details and examples provided.

• Encouragement of critical thinking: During the practice of forming the plural, students should be encouraged to think critically about the rules and apply them correctly.

• Improvement of pronunciation: Through the practice of forming the plural, students should improve the pronunciation of plural words in English. This helps develop fluency in the language.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous content: The teacher should start the lesson by reminding students of the basic rules of the English language, such as the difference between nouns and verbs, and the importance of systematic study for effective learning. Additionally, it is important to review the content on singular and plural in the Portuguese language so that students can compare it to what will be presented in English.

2. Problem situations: The teacher can propose two situations that illustrate the importance of plural in English. First, they can suggest a conversation between two characters, one English speaker and the other Portuguese, who are trying to communicate. The difficulty in understanding the plural in each language can be a point of humor in the situation. Next, the teacher can present a news article or a text in English and ask the students how they would identify the plural nouns and what that means for understanding the text.

3. Contextualization: To demonstrate the importance of plural in English, the teacher can cite examples of real situations, such as reading a book in English, understanding a movie or series in English, or even communicating with English speakers. The lack of understanding of the plural can hinder reading, listening comprehension, and effective communication.

4. Introduction to the topic: To spark students' interest, the teacher can present some curiosities about plural in English. For example, the difference between plural formation in English and Portuguese, introducing irregular nouns that do not follow general rules. Another curiosity could be the existence of words that are the same in singular and plural in English. The teacher can also mention that the correct formation of the plural is an important aspect for fluency in the language and that many English grammar errors are related to the incorrect use of the plural.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory Presentation (10 - 15 minutes):

   • Rules for forming the plural in English: The teacher should start by explaining that most nouns in English form the plural by adding "s" to the end of the word, for example, "car" becomes "cars". However, the teacher should emphasize that there are some exceptions to this rule. Nouns ending in "s", "x", "z", "ch", or "sh" form the plural by adding "es" to the end, for example, "bus" becomes "buses". Nouns ending in "y" preceded by a consonant form the plural by changing the "y" to "ies", for example, "baby" becomes "babies". Nouns ending in "y" preceded by a vowel form the plural by adding "s", for example, "day" becomes "days". Additionally, the teacher should explain that there are also irregular nouns that do not follow any specific rule and need to be memorized, for example, "man" becomes "men".

   • Identification of singular and plural nouns: The teacher should explain that, in English, it is easy to identify whether a noun is in singular or plural form, as most plural nouns have a different form from the singular. However, the teacher should emphasize that there are some words that are the same in singular and plural, for example, "sheep" and "fish".

   • Pronunciation of plural in English: The teacher should explain that the pronunciation of the plural in English depends on the final sound of the word in the singular. If the final sound is a vowel sound or a weak consonant, the plural will be pronounced with a "z" sound, for example, "cat" becomes "cats" and "bus" becomes "buses". If the final sound is a consonant sound, the plural will be pronounced with an "s" sound, for example, "dog" becomes "dogs". If the final sound is an "s", "x", "z", "ch", or "sh" sound, the plural will be pronounced with an "iz" sound, for example, "box" becomes "boxes".

2. Practical Activities (10 - 15 minutes):

   • Plural memory game: The teacher can prepare a memory game with cards of English nouns, half in singular and half in plural. Students should play in pairs, flipping two cards at a time. If the nouns form a pair in singular and plural, the students win the pair and have to say the word in singular and plural out loud. If the nouns do not form a pair in singular and plural, the students should flip the cards back and try again on the next turn. The game helps reinforce the formation of the plural and correct pronunciation.

   • Writing and pronunciation activity of the plural: The teacher can present students with a list of English nouns in singular form. Students should write the plural form of each noun and pronounce it aloud. The teacher should walk around the room, correcting the students' writing and pronunciation. This activity helps students practice forming the plural and improve pronunciation.

   • Activity of identifying plural nouns in a text: The teacher can present students with a text in English and ask them to identify the plural nouns. Students should underline the plural nouns and write the singular form next to them. The teacher should walk around the room, checking students' answers and clarifying doubts. This activity helps students apply what they have learned in a real context and improve their reading skills.

Feedback (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (5 - 7 minutes):

   • The teacher should gather all students for a group discussion. Each pair or group should share the solutions or conclusions they reached during the practical activities.
   • The teacher should encourage students to explain the reasoning behind their answers and share any difficulties they may have encountered.
   • This discussion not only allows students to learn from each other, but also gives the teacher the opportunity to correct any misconceptions and reinforce key concepts of the lesson.

2. Connection with Theory (2 - 3 minutes):

   • After the discussion, the teacher should make the connection between the practical activities and the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson.
   • The teacher can, for example, highlight how plural formation in English is different from Portuguese and how irregular nouns are an exception to this rule.
   • Additionally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of identifying whether a noun is in singular or plural and how this can affect the understanding of a text in English.

3. Individual Reflection (3 - 5 minutes):

   • The teacher should propose that students reflect individually on what they learned in the lesson.
   • To facilitate reflection, the teacher can ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?".
   • Students should be encouraged to write down their answers, which can be helpful for reviewing the material later.

4. Feedback (1 - 2 minutes):

   • Finally, the teacher should ask for feedback from students about the lesson.
   • This may include questions like: "What was the most useful aspect of the lesson?" and "What could be improved next time?".
   • Student feedback is a valuable tool for the teacher to adjust and improve their lessons in the future.

This Feedback is a crucial part of the learning process, as it allows students to consolidate what they have learned, reflect on their own learning process, and provide feedback to the teacher. Additionally, it helps ensure that the lesson Objectives were achieved and identify any areas that may need reinforcement or review in future lessons.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Lesson Summary (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher should start the Conclusion by summarizing the key points of the lesson. This includes the general rule for forming the plural in English, the exceptions to this rule, the identification of singular and plural nouns, the pronunciation of the plural in English, and the importance of understanding and correctly applying the plural for effective communication in English.
   • The teacher can remind students of the practical activities carried out, highlighting key learnings and reinforcing the application of theoretical concepts in practice.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes):

   • The teacher should emphasize how the theory presented in the lesson was applied in the practical activities.
   • Additionally, the teacher should reinforce the practical applications of plural in English, such as improving reading, listening comprehension, writing, and communication in English.
   • The teacher can also mention examples of real situations where correct plural formation in English is essential, such as reading books, understanding movies and series, and communicating with native English speakers.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes):

   • The teacher should suggest additional materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of plural in English.
   • This may include grammar books, language learning websites, educational videos, online exercises, and language learning apps.
   • The teacher can also recommend that students practice plural in English in their daily lives by observing and identifying plural nouns in texts, movies, songs, and conversations in English.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes):

   • Finally, the teacher should summarize the importance of plural in English for students' everyday lives.
   • The teacher can reinforce that correct plural formation is essential for fluency in the language and for effective communication in English.
   • Additionally, the teacher can remind students that the ability to identify and correctly apply plural in English is an important skill for English proficiency exams, reading academic texts, and communication in professional contexts where English is the working language.

The Conclusion of the lesson is a crucial moment to consolidate learning, make connections between theory and practice, and highlight the relevance and application of the lesson topic. Additionally, it provides students with additional resources to deepen their knowledge and skills on the topic.