Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of torque or moment of a force.

   • Explain that torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object around an axis.
   • Describe how the applied force, the distance from the point of force application to the axis of rotation, and the direction of the force affect torque.

2. Apply the mathematical formula to calculate torque.

   • Introduce the torque formula: T = F * d * sin(θ), where T is the torque, F is the applied force, d is the distance from the point of force application to the axis of rotation, and θ is the angle between the force and the line passing through the point of force application and the axis of rotation.
   • Demonstrate how to use the formula to calculate torque in different situations.

3. Solve practical problems involving torque.

   • Propose problems that involve calculating torque in real-life situations.
   • Guide students to solve the problems by applying the torque formula.

Secondary Objectives:

• Develop analytical and critical thinking skills when solving problems involving torque.
• Encourage active participation of students through discussions and practical activities.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Concept Review (3 - 5 minutes)

   • Start the lesson by reviewing fundamental Physics concepts related to forces, such as the definition of force, units of force, and the application of forces at different angles.
   • Review the concept of rotation and the effects of different forces on a rotating object.

2. Problem Situations (5 - 7 minutes)

   • Present two situations where the concept of torque is crucial. For example:
     • A person trying to open a revolving door in a shopping mall. Why is it easier to open the door by pushing near the hinges compared to pushing it in the middle?
     • An automotive technician using a screwdriver to tighten a screw. Why does he hold the screwdriver closer to the tip to get more 'leverage'?
   • Challenge students to think about what is happening in each situation and how the concept of torque can be applied.

3. Topic Contextualization (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Explain that torque is a rotational force that plays an important role in many aspects of everyday life, from opening doors to steering vehicles.
   • Present examples of how torque is used in different fields, such as the automotive industry, bridge construction, and mechanical engineering.

4. Engaging Students' Attention (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Share interesting facts related to torque, such as the fact that most casino games use torque physics to ensure that the roulette wheels spin unpredictably.
   • Present a thought challenge, such as 'If you apply the same force at different distances from the axis of rotation, what happens to the torque?' Encourage students to reflect on the problem and discuss their ideas.

By the end of the Introduction, students should have a clear understanding of what torque is, why it is important, and how it can be calculated.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Torque Definition: The teacher should start the explanation by defining torque as the tendency of a force to rotate an object around an axis. Emphasize that torque is not a force itself but the ability of a force to cause rotation.
   • Torque Components: The teacher should explain that torque depends on three factors: the magnitude of the applied force, the distance from the point of force application to the axis of rotation, and the angle between the force and the line passing through the point of force application and the axis of rotation.
   • Torque Formula: The teacher should present the torque formula: T = F * d * sin(θ), where T is the torque, F is the applied force, d is the distance from the point of force application to the axis of rotation, and θ is the angle between the force and the line passing through the point of force application and the axis of rotation. The teacher should explain each component of the formula and how they affect torque.
   • Torque Units: The teacher should introduce torque units, which depend on force (newton) and distance (meter) units. Torque is measured in newton-meter (N.m) in the International System (SI).
   • Examples of Torque Calculation: The teacher should demonstrate how to calculate torque using the formula. Present some simple examples and explain the process step by step.

2. Practice (10 - 13 minutes)

   • In-Class Exercises: The teacher should propose some simple torque calculation exercises and guide students to solve them. Walk around the classroom, offering help and clarifying doubts.
   • Group Discussion: The teacher should promote a group discussion about the exercises, asking students to explain their answers and how they reached them. This will help reinforce the understanding of the torque concept.
   • Concept Application: The teacher should propose some problems that involve applying the concept of torque to real-world situations. For example, 'What is the torque exerted by a 50 N force applied to a screwdriver at 0.2 m from the screw? How does this change if the force is applied at 0.1 m from the screw?'
   • Practical Activities: If possible, the teacher should carry out some practical activities to illustrate the concept of torque. For example, they can use a lever arm to demonstrate how the change in the distance from the point of force application to the axis of rotation affects torque.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Review and Reflection (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher should briefly review the main concepts covered in the lesson, reinforcing the definition of torque, the formula to calculate it, and how force, distance, and angle affect torque.
   • Students should be encouraged to think about how the concept of torque applies to everyday situations. For example, they can consider how force is applied when opening a door or tightening a screw, and how the change in the distance from the point of force application to the axis of rotation affects torque.
   • The teacher should ask questions that stimulate students' reflection, such as 'What was the most important concept you learned today?' and 'How can you apply what you learned about torque in your daily life?'

2. Connection to Practice (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should highlight how the lesson connected torque theory (the concept of torque, the formula to calculate it) with the practice (torque calculation exercises and practical activities).
   • It should be reinforced that the goal of the lesson was not just to learn the formula to calculate torque, but also to understand what torque is and how it works. This is essential for students to be able to apply the concept of torque in different situations.

3. Student Feedback (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should ask students to share their opinions about the lesson, what they understood well, and what is still unclear to them.
   • Students should be encouraged to ask questions and express any difficulties they may have in understanding the concept of torque.
   • The teacher should provide constructive feedback and encourage students to continue practicing torque calculation and thinking about how the concept applies in different situations.

4. Homework Assignment (1 minute)

   • The teacher should assign homework that involves applying the concept of torque. For example, students may be asked to observe situations at home or at school where torque is applied and describe how the concept of torque applies in those situations.
   • The teacher should remind students that the homework assignment is an opportunity for them to consolidate what they learned in class and for the teacher to assess students' understanding of the torque concept.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Recap of Key Concepts (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should summarize the main points covered in the lesson, reinforcing the definition of torque as the tendency of a force to rotate an object around an axis.
   • They should reiterate that torque depends on the magnitude of the applied force, the distance from the point of force application to the axis of rotation, and the angle between the force and the line passing through the point of force application and the axis of rotation.
   • The teacher should remind students of the torque formula: T = F * d * sin(θ), where T is the torque, F is the applied force, d is the distance from the point of force application to the axis of rotation, and θ is the angle between the force and the line passing through the point of force application and the axis of rotation.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should explain how the lesson connected torque theory with torque calculation practice and the application of the concept in everyday situations.
   • They should emphasize that understanding torque theory is essential to be able to apply the concept in practical situations and understand how and why torque is used in various applications.

3. Extra Materials (1 minute)

   • The teacher should suggest additional materials for students who want to deepen their knowledge of torque. These may include physics books, educational websites, explanatory videos, and physics simulation apps.
   • They should encourage students to explore these resources, reminding them that learning is a continuous process and that each student has their own pace and learning style.

4. Importance of Torque in Everyday Life (1 - 2 minutes)

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher should summarize the importance of torque in everyday life, reinforcing the real-life situations presented during the lesson.
   • They should remind students that torque is present in many daily activities, from opening doors and tightening screws to steering vehicles.
   • The teacher should emphasize that understanding the concept of torque not only helps to better understand the world around us but can also be useful in various careers and fields of study, such as engineering, architecture, physics, and mechanics.