Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding the French Revolution: Students should be able to understand the historical, social, and political context of the French Revolution, identifying the main causes that led to its outbreak. In addition, they should be able to map the revolutionary process, understanding the different phases and the main events that marked each of them.

2. Analysis of the Constitutional Monarchy: Students should be able to analyze and understand the concept of Constitutional Monarchy, identifying its characteristics and how it fit into the context of the French Revolution. Additionally, they should be able to discuss the main changes and conflicts that arose during this period.

3. Study of the National Convention and the Directory: Students should be able to understand what the National Convention and the Directory were, what their main objectives and challenges were, and how these phases connect with the Constitutional Monarchy and the French Revolution as a whole.

Secondary Objectives

• Development of Critical Thinking: Through the study of the French Revolution, students will be encouraged to develop critical thinking skills, analyzing the different aspects of the revolutionary process and its implications.

• Connection with the Present: Students will be encouraged to establish connections between the events of the French Revolution and the contemporary world, discussing how the ideals and struggles of that period still resonate in today's society.

• Encouragement of Debate and Active Participation: During the class, students will be encouraged to participate actively, sharing their opinions and ideas, and debating the different aspects of the topic under discussion. This secondary objective aims to enhance students' communication and argumentation skills.

• Use of Digital Resources: Students will be encouraged to explore digital resources, such as videos, images, and historical documents, to enrich their understanding of the topic. This will contribute to the development of students' digital and research skills.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson by briefly reviewing the previous content that is relevant to understanding the French Revolution, such as the Old Regime, the society of orders, and the difference between absolutism and constitutional monarchy. This can be done through questions directed at the students or a quick presentation of slides. (2 - 3 minutes)

2. Problem Situations: The teacher can propose two problem situations to the students that will be discussed throughout the lesson. The first one could be: 'What would it be like to live in a country where the king has absolute powers and does not need to be accountable to the people?' The second one could be: 'What would it be like to live in a country where the people have the power to decide the laws and the destiny of the nation?' These situations will serve to stimulate the critical thinking of the students and to contextualize the importance of the French Revolution. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Contextualization of the Theme: The teacher should explain to the students that the French Revolution was one of the most important events in Western history, which had a profound impact not only in France but throughout the world. He may mention that many of the rights and freedoms that we consider today as fundamental, such as equality before the law and freedom of expression, were achieved during the French Revolution. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Capturing Students' Attention: To arouse the students' interest, the teacher can share some curiosities about the French Revolution. For example, he can mention that the fall of the Bastille, one of the most emblematic events of the Revolution, was actually an accident, as the revolutionaries were not originally planning to attack the prison. Another curiosity is that the guillotine, which became the symbol of the Revolution's violence, was originally introduced as a more humane form of execution, as it caused quick and painless death compared to other methods used at the time. (2 - 3 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory and Analysis of the Constitutional Monarchy (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should start by explaining what a Constitutional Monarchy is, comparing it to monarchical absolutism. He should emphasize that in a Constitutional Monarchy, the monarch's power is limited by the Constitution and that the monarch cannot make unilateral decisions, but must govern in conjunction with a representative body of the people. Next, the teacher should discuss the Constitutional Monarchy in France before the Revolution, highlighting the popular dissatisfaction with the social and political structure of the Old Regime.

2. Discussion on the Fall of the Monarchy and the National Convention (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should explain how popular dissatisfaction led to the fall of the Constitutional Monarchy and the establishment of the National Convention. He should highlight the importance of the National Convention as the first republican government of France, and how it was responsible for making fundamental decisions for the Revolution, such as the abolition of the monarchy and the execution of King Louis XVI. The teacher should also discuss the challenges faced by the National Convention, such as the beginning of the revolutionary wars and the fight against counter-revolutionaries.

3. Study of the Directory and the Transition to the Consulate (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should then explain how the National Convention was replaced by the Directory, a government formed by five directors. He should discuss the main characteristics of the Directory, such as the restriction of the right to vote and widespread corruption. The teacher should also explain how the Directory was overthrown and replaced by the Consulate, which marked the end of the First Phase of the Revolution and the beginning of Napoleon Bonaparte's regime.

4. Connections with the Present (2 - 4 minutes): To conclude the theoretical part of the lesson, the teacher should discuss how the events of the French Revolution continue to impact the world today. He may mention, for example, that the idea of equality before the law and representative democracy, which were fundamental in the Revolution, are still today fundamental principles in many societies. The teacher may also discuss how the French Revolution influenced the formation of modern political and social movements, such as socialism and nationalism.

Throughout the lesson, the teacher should encourage students to ask questions and participate actively in the discussions. Additionally, the teacher should use concrete examples and interesting stories to illustrate the concepts, and should refer to primary sources, such as speeches and documents from the time, whenever possible.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Synthesis and Connections (3 - 4 minutes): The teacher should summarize the main contents covered in the lesson, highlighting the importance of the Constitutional Monarchy, the National Convention, and the Directory for the French Revolution. He should summarize the political, social, and cultural changes that occurred during these phases of the Revolution, and should reinforce the idea that the French Revolution was a complex and multifaceted process that cannot be reduced to a single event or action. The teacher should also make connections between the contents of the lesson and the problem situations proposed in the Introduction, showing how the study of the French Revolution can help us understand and reflect on contemporary political and social issues.

2. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should then propose a moment of individual reflection, during which students should silently think about the questions: 'What was the most important concept you learned today?' and 'What questions have not been answered yet?'. The teacher should encourage students to write down their answers, which can be shared in the next step.

3. Group Sharing (3 - 4 minutes): The teacher should then propose that students share their reflections in small groups. Each group will have a minute to discuss the answers of its members and choose the most significant answers to share with the class. The teacher should move around the room, listening to the discussions and asking questions to stimulate students' critical thinking. After the time is up, each group should present their reflections to the class, and the teacher should make comments and clarifications, if necessary.

4. Student Feedback (1 - 2 minutes): To conclude the lesson, the teacher should ask students to give quick feedback on the lesson. He can ask questions like: 'What was the most interesting moment of the lesson?' and 'What would you like to learn more about the French Revolution?'. The teacher should take note of the students' answers, which can be used to adjust the planning of future lessons.

The purpose of this stage is to allow students to consolidate what they learned during the lesson, and to reflect on how the new knowledge connects with what they already knew. Additionally, it offers the teacher the opportunity to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and to identify possible areas for improvement.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should start the Conclusion of the lesson by summarizing the main points discussed. He should reiterate the importance of the French Revolution as a milestone in world history, highlighting the phases of the Constitutional Monarchy, National Convention, and Directory. He should also emphasize the fundamental concepts of each of these phases and the main social, political, and cultural changes that occurred.

2. Connection between Theory and Practice (1 - 2 minutes): Next, the teacher should reinforce how the lesson connected theory with practice. He should emphasize how the study of the French Revolution is not just a historical analysis, but also an opportunity for students to reflect on contemporary political, social, and cultural issues. The teacher can, for example, mention how the idea of fighting for rights and equality is still relevant today and how the French Revolution influenced the formation of modern political and social movements.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should then suggest some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their understanding of the French Revolution. This may include books, documentaries, films, and websites. For example, the teacher can suggest reading 'Les Misérables' by Victor Hugo, which offers a fictionalized view of the French Revolution, or watching the documentary 'The French Revolution' by the BBC, which provides a detailed analysis of the main events and characters of the Revolution.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher should explain the importance of studying the French Revolution for students' daily lives. He should highlight how the French Revolution not only shaped France and modern Europe, but also influenced the formation of the world we live in today. The teacher should emphasize that by understanding the French Revolution, students will be better equipped to understand the challenges and opportunities of the contemporary world.

The purpose of this stage is to consolidate students' learning, encourage them to continue exploring the topic, and reflect on the relevance of the studied contents to their lives. Additionally, it allows the teacher to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and make adjustments, if necessary, for future lessons.