Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Provide students with a clear understanding of what the Enlightenment was, highlighting the main ideas and philosophers of the movement. This includes understanding the historical context in which the Enlightenment emerged and analyzing the impact of these ideas on society at the time.

2. Develop in children the ability to critically analyze Enlightenment ideas and relate them to the modern world. This involves discussing how the ideas of freedom, equality, and fraternity from the Enlightenment are still relevant today.

3. Stimulate students' debating and argumentation skills, encouraging them to express their opinions on Enlightenment ideas and how they apply to the contemporary world. This will be done through group discussion activities and individual presentations.

Secondary Objectives:

• Promote students' critical awareness of the importance of Enlightenment thinking in shaping modern society and democracy.
• Encourage research and independent study by asking students to read about the Enlightenment before class.
• Foster empathy and respect for others' opinions through respectful and constructive debate.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher starts the lesson by reminding students about the historical context of Europe in the 18th century, focusing on the social, political, and economic changes that were taking place. He may ask students to recall these points, encouraging active participation. (3-4 minutes)

2. Problem Situations: The teacher presents two problem situations to pique students' interest in the lesson topic. First, he may ask: "Why do people believe they have the right to participate in political decisions today, while in the past most governments were monarchic and authoritarian?" Next, he can present a second problem: "How do the ideas of freedom, equality, and fraternity influence the way we live today?" (3-4 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher explains that the Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that took place in Europe during the 18th century, played a crucial role in shaping modern society and our contemporary values. He may cite examples of how Enlightenment ideas were incorporated into the constitutions of many countries and how they continue to influence political and social thought today. (2-3 minutes)

4. Capturing Students' Attention: To capture students' attention, the teacher can share two curiosities about the Enlightenment. First, he may mention that the term "Enlightenment" comes from the idea that human reason can "enlighten" the world, replacing superstition and ignorance. Secondly, he can tell the story of how many Enlightenment philosophers, such as Voltaire and Rousseau, were persecuted and had to flee their countries because of their ideas. (2-3 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. "Enlightened Ideas" Activity: The teacher divides the class into groups of 4 to 5 students. Each group receives a large sheet of paper and colored markers. The task is to create a "mind map" of the main ideas of the Enlightenment. The teacher provides a list of key terms and concepts (such as reason, freedom, equality, fraternity, social contract, etc.) to guide the students. They should draw symbols or images representing each idea and can use lines and arrows to show the connections between them. At the end of the activity, each group presents its "mind map" to the class, explaining their choices and defending why they consider these ideas important. (10 - 12 minutes)

2. "Philosophical Café" Activity: The teacher organizes a "Philosophical Café" in the classroom. To do this, he distributes question cards to each student with questions like: "What is the most important concept of the Enlightenment and why?", "How do Enlightenment ideas influence current society?", "What are the limitations of Enlightenment ideas?". Students have a few minutes to think about their answers. Then, the teacher divides the class into small groups, and each group discusses one of the questions. After the group discussion, each student has the opportunity to share their ideas with the class. The teacher acts as a moderator, ensuring that the discussion is respectful and productive. (8 - 10 minutes)

3. "Modern Enlighteners" Activity: Finally, the teacher asks students to think of contemporary examples of people or movements advocating Enlightenment ideas. Students can choose their own examples or use a list provided by the teacher. Each student must choose an example and prepare a quick presentation (1 - 2 minutes) explaining who they are, what they stand for, and why they consider these ideas Enlightenment. The presentations are made to the class, and the teacher encourages discussion and debate after each presentation. (5 - 6 minutes)

These activities are designed to actively engage students in learning, allowing them to explore Enlightenment ideas in a fun and interactive way. Additionally, the activities promote critical thinking, argumentation skills, and collaboration among students.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion: The teacher gathers all students and initiates a group discussion. He can start by asking each group what they thought of the activities and what were the main ideas that emerged in their "mind maps". Then, he can ask students to share the most interesting answers or conclusions that arose during the "Philosophical Café" and the presentations of the "Modern Enlighteners". This group discussion allows students to learn from each other and see the different perspectives each one may have on Enlightenment ideas. (3-4 minutes)

2. Connection to Theory: The teacher then connects the practical activities with Enlightenment theory. For example, he can show how the ideas that students discussed and presented relate to the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers. He can also highlight how the practical activities helped illustrate and make the theoretical ideas of the Enlightenment more concrete. This step helps reinforce students' learning and solidify the connection between theory and practice. (2-3 minutes)

3. Final Reflection: To conclude the lesson, the teacher asks students to silently reflect for a minute on what they have learned. He may ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?" After the minute of reflection, the teacher invites students to share their answers. This final reflection helps students process what they have learned and identify any gaps in their understanding that may need further exploration. (2-3 minutes)

4. Feedback and Closure: The teacher thanks everyone for their participation, praises the students' effort and argumentation skills, and, if time allows, answers any questions that have not been addressed. He may also provide an overview of what will be covered in the next lesson. Finally, the teacher requests feedback from students about the lesson, encouraging them to share what they liked, what they found challenging, and any suggestions for improvement. (1 minute)

This Return stage is crucial for consolidating students' learning, providing an opportunity for reflection and evaluation, and ensuring that students leave the lesson with a clear understanding of what they have learned and what they still need to learn.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recap: The teacher begins the Conclusion of the lesson by reviewing the main points covered during the lesson. He may reinforce the key ideas of the Enlightenment, the main philosophers and their contributions, and how these ideas influenced contemporary society. This serves to consolidate students' learning and recall the most important information. (2 - 3 minutes)

2. Connecting Theory with Practice: Next, the teacher highlights how the practical activities carried out during the lesson helped illustrate and make the theoretical ideas of the Enlightenment more concrete. He may mention, for example, how the "mind map" helped visualize the connections between Enlightenment ideas, or how the "Philosophical Café" and the presentations of the "Modern Enlighteners" allowed students to apply Enlightenment ideas to contemporary situations. (1 - 2 minutes)

3. Extra Materials: The teacher suggests extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of the Enlightenment. This may include books, articles, documentaries, or reliable websites on the topic. For example, the teacher may recommend reading works by Enlightenment philosophers, such as Rousseau's "The Social Contract," or watching films or series that depict the Enlightenment period. He may also provide a study guide with questions to guide students' reading. (1 - 2 minutes)

4. Practical Applications: Finally, the teacher highlights the relevance of studying the Enlightenment for everyday life. He may mention how Enlightenment ideas, such as the valorization of reason, the pursuit of freedom, and the defense of equality, are fundamental to democracy and contemporary society. Additionally, he may emphasize the importance of understanding the past to comprehend the present and shape the future. (1 minute)

5. Closure: The teacher thanks students for their active participation during the lesson, reinforces the importance of continuous study and the development of critical thinking and argumentation skills, and encourages students to bring any questions or doubts to the next lesson. (1 minute)

The Conclusion of the lesson serves to consolidate students' learning, highlight the relevance of the topic to everyday life, and encourage continuous study. Additionally, by providing extra materials and study guidance, the teacher helps students delve deeper into the topic and develop independent study skills.