Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Introduce Philosophy in a clear and accessible way: The teacher should make sure that students understand what Philosophy is and how it differs from other disciplines. This can be done through practical examples and everyday situations that illustrate the need for philosophy in human life.

2. Stimulate philosophical thinking in students: By presenting philosophical questions and problems, the teacher should encourage students to think critically and question the world around them. The goal is to get students to start developing their own philosophical ideas and opinions.

3. Promote reflection on the importance of Philosophy: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to reflect on the relevance of Philosophy in their lives. The teacher can do this through classroom discussions, where students are encouraged to share their opinions and experiences related to philosophy.

Secondary objectives:

• Stimulate debate and exchange of ideas in the classroom: Through the discussion of philosophical questions, the teacher should promote a collaborative learning environment, where students feel comfortable expressing their opinions and listening to the ideas of others.

• Develop critical thinking skills: Philosophy is a discipline that requires critical thinking. Throughout the lesson, the teacher should seek to develop this skill in students, helping them to analyze and evaluate arguments and ideas in a logical and coherent way.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous concepts: The teacher should start the lesson by briefly reviewing the concepts that students have already learned about philosophy. He can ask students what they remember about the subject and clarify any doubts they may have. This helps ensure that all students are on the same page and ready to learn new concepts.

2. Problem situation: Next, the teacher can present a problem situation that illustrates the need for philosophy. For example, he could ask students how they would know if they were living in a simulated reality or if they truly have free will. These questions are designed to challenge students to think critically and consider the importance of philosophy.

3. Contextualization of the importance of Philosophy: The teacher can then explain how philosophy is present in our daily lives, even if we don't realize it. He can cite examples of how philosophy influences politics, ethics, science, and many other aspects of modern life. This helps show students that philosophy is not just an academic subject, but something that has direct relevance to their lives.

4. Gaining the attention of students: To gain the attention of students, the teacher can share some curiosities about philosophy. For example, he could tell the story of Socrates and how he was sentenced to death for his philosophical ideas, or he could mention Zeno's famous paradox, which questions whether movement is really possible. These stories and curiosities can help make philosophy more interesting and engaging for students.

5. Presentation of the topic: Finally, the teacher should introduce the topic of the lesson - Understanding and Reflection on Philosophy. He can briefly explain what the students will learn during the lesson and why this topic is important. This helps prepare students for the content of the lesson and motivates them to actively participate in learning.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory of Philosophy (7 - 10 minutes): The teacher should begin explaining the topic "Understanding and Reflection on Philosophy" by presenting the theory of philosophy. He can start by explaining that philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, morality, and many other aspects of human life.

   • Definition of Philosophy: The teacher should define what philosophy is, explaining that it is a discipline that seeks rational and argumentative answers to questions that cannot be answered by science or other forms of knowledge.

   • Main branches of Philosophy: The teacher should then present the main branches of philosophy, such as epistemology (the study of knowledge), ethics (the study of morality), logic (the study of valid reasoning), and metaphysics (the study of the nature of reality).

   • Objective of Philosophy: The teacher should explain that the goal of philosophy is not necessarily to find definitive answers to these questions, but rather to stimulate critical thinking and questioning.

2. Understanding and Reflection (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should then explain what "Understanding and Reflection on Philosophy" means.

   • Understanding: The teacher should clarify that understanding in philosophy involves understanding the different theories and arguments that have been proposed throughout the history of philosophy.

   • Reflection: The teacher should then explain that reflection in philosophy involves thinking critically about these theories and arguments and forming our own opinions.

3. Practical Examples (5 - 8 minutes): The teacher should then present some practical examples to illustrate how philosophy can be applied in everyday life.

   • Example 1 - Ethics: The teacher could present an ethical dilemma, such as the "trolley problem", where students must decide whether it is morally right to trade the life of one person for the lives of several others. This helps show how philosophy can help us make difficult decisions.

   • Example 2 - Epistemology: The teacher could present an epistemology problem, such as the "problem of the deceiving demon", where students must consider whether it is possible to know for sure that the world around us is not an illusion. This helps show how philosophy can help us question and deepen our understanding of the world.

4. Discussion in the Classroom (3 - 5 minutes): After presenting the examples, the teacher should encourage students to discuss their own ideas and opinions. He could ask questions like: "What do you think about the trolley problem?" or "How would you solve the problem of the deceiving demon?". This helps to foster a collaborative learning environment and develop students' critical thinking skills.

Return (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Review and Reflection (3 - 4 minutes): The teacher should start the Return stage by reviewing the main points discussed during the lesson. He can ask students what they learned about philosophy and how they feel about philosophical understanding and reflection. This is an opportunity for students to express their opinions and reflections, and for the teacher to clarify any remaining doubts.

2. Connection with the Real World (4 - 5 minutes): The teacher should then help students make the connection between what they have learned and the real world. He can do this through practical examples that illustrate the application of philosophy in everyday situations. For example, he could discuss how the philosophy of science influences the way scientists conduct their research, or how political philosophy shapes the policies and laws of a society. The goal is to show students that philosophy is not just an academic subject, but something that has direct relevance to their lives.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should then ask students to reflect individually on what they have learned. He could ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions are still unanswered?". Students should be encouraged to write down their answers, as this can help them to consolidate their learning and identify areas that still need study.

4. Feedback and Conclusion (1 minute): Finally, the teacher should ask for feedback from students on the lesson. He can ask what the students liked, what they didn't like, and what they would like to learn more about. This can help the teacher adjust his teaching strategies and plan future lessons according to the students' needs and interests. The teacher should then conclude the lesson, reinforcing the importance of philosophy and encouraging students to continue exploring and questioning the world around them.

Conclusion (3 - 5 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should begin the Conclusion of the lesson by summarizing the main points discussed during the lesson. He should remind students of the concepts of philosophy, the different branches of philosophy, and the importance of philosophical understanding and reflection. This helps to consolidate the knowledge acquired by the students and reinforce the main Learning Objectives of the lesson.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 minute): The teacher should then explain how the lesson connected the theory, practice, and applications of philosophy. He can mention how the theory of philosophy was illustrated through the practical examples and how the classroom discussion allowed students to apply philosophy to everyday situations. This helps show students the relevance and applicability of what they have learned.

3. Complementary Materials (1 minute): The teacher should suggest some reading or viewing materials for students who wish to deepen their understanding of the topic. This could include books on Introduction to Philosophy, videos of philosophical lectures, or philosophical articles. The teacher could also suggest some philosophical questions for students to reflect on at home and bring to the next lesson.

4. Importance of the Topic for Everyday Life (1 minute): Finally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of philosophy for the students' everyday lives. He can explain that philosophy is not just an academic subject, but a valuable tool for thinking critically, questioning the world around them, and making informed decisions. The teacher should encourage students to apply what they have learned to their daily lives and to continue exploring and questioning the world around them. With this, the lesson ends in a way that motivates students to continue with their studies and philosophical reflections.