Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of electrical potential energy, its definition, mathematical formula, and units of measurement. Students should be able to identify situations where electrical potential energy is present and be able to calculate its value.

2. Identify and differentiate the components that influence electrical potential energy in a system. Students should be able to analyze a system and identify the factors that contribute to the electrical potential energy in it, such as electric charge and the distance between charges.

3. Apply the acquired knowledge to solve practical problems involving electrical potential energy. Students should be able to apply the formula for electrical potential energy to solve complex problems involving the interaction of multiple electric charges in a system.

Secondary Objectives:

• Develop critical thinking and analytical skills when solving problems involving electrical potential energy.
• Foster curiosity and interest in physics, specifically in electricity and magnetism.
• Promote collaboration and group discussion for problem-solving.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Concepts: The teacher starts the lesson by reviewing fundamental concepts of electricity, such as electric charge, potential difference (voltage), and electric potential. It is important to ensure that all students have a clear understanding of these concepts, as they are essential for understanding electrical potential energy.

2. Problem Situations: To spark students' interest, the teacher can present two problem situations:

   • Situation 1: "If you have a charged battery but are not using it in any device, where is the energy it contains?"
   • Situation 2: "Why is lightning so dangerous? What gives it so much energy?"

   The teacher can ask students to think about these questions and share their ideas, encouraging discussion and knowledge exchange.

3. Contextualization: The teacher explains the importance of studying electrical potential energy, showing how this concept is applied in various aspects of daily life. For example, in the generation and use of electricity in our homes, in the operation of electronic devices, in the occurrence of natural phenomena like lightning, among others.

4. Capturing Students' Attention: To capture students' attention, the teacher can share two curiosities related to the topic:

   • Curiosity 1: "Did you know that the world's largest hydroelectric power plant, the Three Gorges Dam in China, generates enough energy to light more than 50 million homes? All this energy is based on the principle of electrical potential energy!"
   • Curiosity 2: "Did you know that the idea of electrical potential energy was proposed by the British physicist Michael Faraday, one of the most important scientists of the 19th century? He was the first to experimentally demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic energy."

By the end of the Introduction, students should be motivated and prepared to deepen their understanding of electrical potential energy.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity 1: "Building Electrical Potential Energy" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Required materials: sheets of paper, pens, ruler, pencils, colored markers, and tape.
   • Organization: Students work in groups of 3 to 4 people.
   • Activity description: The objective of this activity is to allow students to visualize and understand electrical potential energy in a simple system. Each group should draw a diagram of an "electric amusement park" on their sheet of paper, with "people" (represented by small paper balls) on different "rides" (represented by small drawings of Ferris wheels, roller coasters, etc.).
   • Step by step:
     1. Students should draw different "rides" in their "electric amusement park", each representing an "electric charge".
     2. They should then draw the "people" (paper balls) in different positions on each "ride", representing different levels of "electrical potential energy".
     3. Students should discuss and record observations on how "electrical potential energy" changes as the "people" are moved to different "positions" on each "ride".
     4. After completing the drawings, students should present their "electric amusement parks" to the class, explaining their observations and conclusions.

2. Activity 2: "The Challenge of Electrical Potential Energy" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Required materials: paper cards, pens, colored markers, and tape.
   • Organization: Students continue working in the same groups.
   • Activity description: This activity is a problem-solving challenge that involves applying the concept of electrical potential energy. Each group receives a set of "electric charges" (represented by paper cards) and a "scenario" (for example, a diagram of a room with furniture and objects).
   • Step by step:
     1. Students should distribute their "electric charges" in the "scenario", considering the "distance" between the charges and the "configuration" of the "scenario".
     2. They should then calculate the "electrical potential energy" of the system using the appropriate formula.
     3. After the calculation, students should exchange their "scenarios" with other groups and verify if their calculations are correct.
     4. Finally, students should present their "scenarios" and calculations to the class, explaining how they applied the concept of electrical potential energy and addressing any doubts or misunderstandings.

3. Group Discussion (5 - 6 minutes)

   • After completing the activities, the teacher should lead a group discussion, allowing students to share their experiences, doubts, and discoveries. The teacher should guide the discussion, highlighting important points and correcting any misunderstandings. This is an opportunity for the teacher to assess students' understanding of the concept of electrical potential energy and clarify any remaining confusions.

These practical and interactive activities will help students understand and apply the concept of electrical potential energy in a meaningful and memorable way. Additionally, they encourage collaboration, communication, and critical thinking, essential skills for active and effective learning.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher should facilitate an open discussion with all groups, allowing each to share their solutions or conclusions from the activities. This provides a space for students to explain their approaches, listen to others' ideas, and learn from them.
   • During the discussion, the teacher should guide questions to ensure that key concepts of electrical potential energy are addressed. For example, asking about the influence of electric charge and distance on electrical potential energy, or requesting students to explain how electrical potential energy was applied in their solutions.

2. Connection to Theory (2 - 3 minutes)

   • After the discussion, the teacher should review the theoretical concepts discussed at the beginning of the lesson and how they connect with the practical activities carried out. This helps students consolidate their theoretical understanding while reflecting on the practical application of the concept of electrical potential energy.
   • The teacher can ask questions like: "How did you apply the formula for electrical potential energy in your activities?", "How did electric charge and the distance between charges influence electrical potential energy in your scenarios?".

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes)

   • To conclude, the teacher should propose a moment of individual reflection where students will have the opportunity to think about what they have learned. The teacher can ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?".
   • Students should write down their answers in a minute, and then the teacher can ask some to share their reflections with the class. This can help identify possible gaps in students' understanding that can be addressed in future classes.

The Return is an essential part of the lesson plan, as it allows the teacher to assess students' understanding of the topic and identify any gaps or misunderstandings that need to be addressed. Additionally, it provides students with the opportunity to reflect on their own learning and better understand how what they have learned applies to the real world.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recapitulation (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should start the Conclusion by recalling the key points and main concepts covered in the lesson. This can be done through a quick review, highlighting the definition of electrical potential energy, its mathematical formula, and units of measurement.
   • It is important to reinforce how electric charge and the distance between charges influence electrical potential energy, and how this concept is applied in various aspects of daily life, such as the generation and use of electricity in our homes and the occurrence of natural phenomena like lightning.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should explain how the lesson connected the theory, practice, and applications of the concept of electrical potential energy. For example, the teacher can mention how the practical activities allowed students to visualize and understand electrical potential energy in a system, while group discussions and individual reflections helped apply this concept to real-world situations.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher can suggest additional materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of electrical potential energy. These materials may include educational videos, online simulators, reference books, physics websites, and additional exercises.
   • The teacher should encourage students to explore these resources on their own, reinforcing the importance of self-study and curiosity in the learning process.

4. Relevance of the Topic (1 minute)

   • To conclude, the teacher should emphasize the importance of studying electrical potential energy. The teacher can mention how this concept is fundamental to understanding other topics in physics, such as electrostatic energy, electricity and magnetism, and Coulomb's law.
   • Additionally, the teacher can highlight how knowledge of electrical potential energy is applied in various areas of science and technology, from electrical engineering and electronics to medicine (for example, in magnetic resonance imaging equipment) and meteorology (for example, in storm and lightning prediction).

The Conclusion is a crucial stage of the lesson plan, as it allows the teacher to reinforce key concepts, summarize the activities carried out, and connect the lesson content with the real world. Additionally, it offers students the opportunity to continue learning and exploring the topic on their own.