Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the concept and operation of a parallel plate capacitor, identifying its main characteristics and properties.
2. Develop the ability to calculate the capacitance in a parallel plate capacitor, using the appropriate formula and the provided values.
3. Apply the acquired knowledge to solve practical problems involving capacitance in parallel plate capacitors, demonstrating understanding of the content.

Secondary objectives:

• Stimulate critical thinking and problem-solving through practical activities.
• Promote interaction and collaboration among students, encouraging teamwork.
• Foster self-learning and student autonomy, using the inverted classroom methodology.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of basic concepts (3 - 5 minutes): The teacher starts the lesson by reviewing basic concepts of electricity, such as electric charge, potential difference, and electric current. This review is essential for students to understand the new content that will be covered. The teacher may ask quick questions to assess students' retention of these concepts.

2. Problem situation (3 - 5 minutes): The teacher presents two problem situations to the students to spark interest and curiosity. The first situation could be: "How does a cell phone battery store energy so that the device can function even when not connected to the charger?" The second situation could be: "Why are capacitors used in electronic devices, such as in a voltage stabilizer?" These questions encourage students to think about the lesson's topic and realize its relevance.

3. Contextualization (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher explains that the study of capacitors is fundamental for understanding many electronic devices, such as radios, televisions, computers, smartphones, among others. He may mention that capacitors are used to store and release electrical energy in a controlled manner, which is essential for the operation of these devices.

4. Introduction to the topic (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher introduces the lesson's topic, "Parallel Plate Capacitor," explaining that capacitors can be found in different shapes and configurations, each with its own characteristics. He may mention that the parallel plate capacitor is one of the most common and simplest types, and that studying this type of capacitor will help students better understand the general idea behind all capacitors.

5. Curiosities (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher shares two curiosities about capacitors to further pique students' interest. The first is that capacitors are used in wristwatches to store enough energy to make the watch work for a short period of time, even when the battery is removed. The second curiosity is that high-capacitance capacitors are used in electric vehicles to store regenerative energy generated during deceleration and then released to provide extra power during acceleration. These curiosities help demonstrate the applicability of capacitors in the real world.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity "Building a Capacitor" (8 - 10 minutes):

   • The teacher divides the class into groups of up to 5 students.
   • Each group receives a kit with the necessary materials to build a parallel plate capacitor: two sheets of aluminum foil, a piece of cardboard, a ruler, glue, and copper wires.
   • The activity's goal is to build a capacitor with maximum capacitance.
   • Students are instructed to cut the cardboard into two rectangular plates, cover each plate with a sheet of aluminum foil, separate the plates with a piece of paper, and wrap a copper wire around each plate.
   • After construction, students must test the capacitance of the capacitor they built using a multimeter or a capacitance meter.
   • At the end of the activity, groups share the results and discuss possible reasons for the differences in capacitance of their capacitors.
   • The teacher circulates around the classroom, guiding the groups, clarifying doubts, and promoting discussion.

2. Activity "Calculating Capacitance" (8 - 10 minutes):

   • Still in groups, students receive a series of problems to solve using the capacitance formula in a parallel plate capacitor.
   • The problems progressively become more challenging, allowing students to apply the concept gradually.
   • Students are encouraged to discuss and exchange ideas for problem-solving.
   • The teacher circulates around the classroom, assisting the groups, encouraging everyone's participation, and correcting possible misconceptions.
   • At the end of the activity, each group presents the solution to one of the problems to the class, explaining step by step how they solved it.

3. Activity "Capacitors Challenge" (4 - 5 minutes):

   • The teacher challenges students to find as many electronic devices in the classroom as possible that have capacitors and to note their brands and models.
   • After identifying the devices, students must research the capacitance of the capacitors in these devices on the internet.
   • The goal of this activity is to show students that capacitors are present in many of the electronic equipment we use daily, and that the capacitance of these capacitors varies greatly depending on the device.
   • At the end of the challenge, students share the results of their research with the class, promoting a discussion about the importance of capacitors in the operation of electronic devices.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes):

   • The teacher gathers all students in a large circle to promote a group discussion.
   • Each group is invited to share their solutions or conclusions from the activities carried out.
   • The teacher ensures that each group has the opportunity to speak and that all voices are heard.
   • During the discussion, the teacher asks guiding questions to stimulate critical thinking and deepen students' understanding of the topic.
   • The teacher can also take this opportunity to correct any misunderstandings or conceptual errors that may have arisen during the activities.

2. Connection to Theory (2 - 3 minutes):

   • After the discussion, the teacher briefly recaps the theoretical content presented at the beginning of the lesson, connecting it with the practical activities carried out.
   • He should emphasize the main points and clarify any remaining doubts.
   • Additionally, the teacher can highlight how the practice of building and calculating the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor helped reinforce the theory.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher suggests that, individually, students reflect for a minute on the following questions:
     1. What was the most important concept learned today?
     2. What questions have not been answered yet?
   • After the minute of reflection, the teacher asks some students to share their answers with the class.
   • The teacher should take notes of the answers to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and plan future interventions, if necessary.

4. Feedback and Closure (1 - 2 minutes):

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher thanks the students for their active participation and asks them to fill out a brief feedback questionnaire, which can be anonymous, about the lesson.
   • The teacher explains that students' feedback is very valuable to him as it helps improve his lessons in the future.
   • The teacher can also take this opportunity to make any relevant announcements, such as the date of an upcoming assessment or the homework assignment for the next lesson.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher reviews the main points discussed during the lesson, reinforcing the concept of parallel plate capacitors, their function, and the importance of capacitance in this type of capacitor.
   • He reiterates the formula for calculating capacitance and the variables involved in this calculation, such as the area of the plates, the distance between them, and the dielectric constant of the material between the plates.
   • The teacher also reinforces the applications of capacitors in everyday life, such as in storing energy in electronic devices.

2. Theory-Practice Connection (1 - 2 minutes):

   • The teacher highlights how the practical activities carried out during the lesson allowed students to apply and understand the theory.
   • He mentions, for example, how building the parallel plate capacitor helped visualize the components and understand the importance of the area of the plates and the distance between them in capacitance.
   • The teacher also emphasizes how the capacitance calculation problems allowed students to practice applying the formula and interpreting the results.

3. Additional Materials (1 minute):

   • The teacher suggests some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of parallel plate capacitors.
   • These materials may include explanatory videos, online simulations, textbooks, and physics websites.
   • The teacher can share the links to these materials on the school's online learning platform or send them via email.

4. Everyday Applicability (1 - 2 minutes):

   • To conclude, the teacher reinforces the relevance of the content learned for students' daily lives.
   • He may mention, for example, how knowledge about capacitors can help better understand the operation of various electronic devices we use daily, from cell phones and computers to household appliances.
   • The teacher can also highlight how the ability to calculate capacitance can be useful in various practical situations, such as when designing electronic circuits or analyzing the energy consumption of different devices.

5. Closure (1 minute):

   • The teacher thanks the students for their active participation in the lesson and encourages them to continue exploring the topic.
   • He reminds students of the importance of reviewing the content learned at home and preparing for the next lesson.
   • The teacher ends the lesson by wishing everyone a good day and reinforcing that he is available to clarify any doubts that may arise after the lesson.