Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Explain Coulomb's Law, demonstrating that the electrostatic force between two electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

2. Perform simple calculations using Coulomb's Law to determine the electrostatic force between two electric charges and the intensity of the electric field produced by a point charge.

3. Apply the concept of Coulomb's Law to analyze the interaction between charged particles in different ways, such as attraction and repulsion.

Secondary Objectives:

• Foster students' ability to work in groups and discuss ideas, encouraging collaborative learning.
• Develop critical thinking skills and problem-solving skills as students apply Coulomb's Law in different scenarios.
• Promote curiosity and interest in physics, showing how Coulomb's Law is a fundamental aspect of understanding electricity and magnetism.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson by reviewing basic concepts of electricity, such as electric charge, protons and electrons, and the difference between electrical conduction and insulation. Additionally, it is important to review the concept of force, briefly explaining what a force is and Newton's laws. This review will help prepare students for the introduction of the new concept, Coulomb's Law.

2. Problem Situation: The teacher can present two problem situations to arouse students' curiosity and introduce the theme of the lesson.

   • First situation: "Why does a balloon acquire an electric charge and become capable of attracting small pieces of paper when we rub it on our hair? What is happening in this process?"
   • Second situation: "Imagine you are in a laboratory and need to determine the attractive force between two charged particles. How could you do that? What factors would you consider?"

3. Contextualization: The teacher should then contextualize the importance of the subject, explaining that Coulomb's Law is fundamental for understanding electrical and magnetic phenomena we encounter in everyday life, such as the operation of electronic devices, electricity generation, and even the functioning of the human body (for example, electrical impulses in the nervous system). Furthermore, Coulomb's Law is widely used in areas such as engineering, physics, chemistry, and medicine.

4. Introduction to the Topic: Finally, the teacher can introduce the topic of the lesson.

   • First, the teacher can talk about Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, the French scientist who discovered and formulated Coulomb's Law in the late 18th century.
   • Next, the teacher can reveal the objective of the lesson, which is to understand and apply Coulomb's Law to calculate the electrostatic force and the intensity of the electric field.
   • To spark students' interest, the teacher can share some curiosities about Coulomb's Law. For example, that Coulomb's Law is one of the fundamental laws of physics and is analogous to Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, which describes the attractive force between two masses.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Practical Activity: "Experimenting with Coulomb's Law" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • The teacher divides the class into groups of 3-4 students and provides each group with a pair of plastic spheres and a nylon thread. The spheres should be made of different materials, such as plastic and glass.
   • The teacher instructs the students to tie the spheres to the ends of the nylon thread, so they hang. The spheres should be close together but not touching. The teacher must ensure that the nylon thread is stretched and not twisted.
   • Next, the students should rub the spheres with a woolen cloth, so they acquire an electric charge. The teacher should guide the students to rub the spheres in the same direction and with the same intensity.
   • After rubbing the spheres, the students should observe what happens. They will notice that the spheres, which were close together before, are now moving apart. This happens because the spheres, which acquired charges of the same type (positive or negative), repel each other according to Coulomb's Law.
   • The teacher should move around the room, assisting the groups and clarifying doubts. It is important for students to understand that the repulsive force between the spheres is directly proportional to the product of the charges (which are of the same type) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

2. Problem-Solving Activity: "Applying Coulomb's Law" (10 - 13 minutes)

   • The teacher distributes a set of physics problems involving Coulomb's Law to each group. The problems should include hypothetical situations that students need to analyze and solve using the formula of Coulomb's Law.
   • The students, in their respective groups, should discuss and solve the problems. The teacher should guide the groups, if necessary, but should encourage students to try to solve the problems themselves, promoting reflection and critical thinking.
   • After a set time, each group should present their solutions and explain the reasoning used. The teacher should take advantage of these presentations to ask questions, clarify doubts, and reinforce the concepts of Coulomb's Law.

3. Discussion Activity: "Exploring the Application of Coulomb's Law" (5 - 7 minutes)

   • To consolidate the understanding of Coulomb's Law and its application, the teacher can guide a classroom discussion. The teacher can ask questions such as: "How does Coulomb's Law apply to everyday phenomena?", "What are the practical implications of Coulomb's Law?".
   • The students, in their respective groups, should discuss these questions and propose answers. The teacher should move around the room, listen to the discussions, and contribute insights. In the end, the teacher can suggest that some groups share their answers with the class.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher should gather all students and promote a group discussion about the solutions or conclusions found by each group during the practical activity and problem-solving. This will allow students to learn from each other, sharing different approaches and perspectives.
   • The teacher should encourage students to express their opinions and ideas, ensuring a respectful and collaborative environment. The teacher should also reinforce that there are no right or wrong answers, but rather different ways to approach and solve problems.

2. Connection to Theory (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Next, the teacher should connect the group discussions with the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson. The teacher should highlight how the practical activities and solved problems illustrated the application of Coulomb's Law and how the calculations were performed.
   • The teacher can ask questions to stimulate students' reflection, such as: "What was the most important concept we learned today?", "How can Coulomb's Law be applied to real-world problems?".

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should propose that students make an individual reflection on what they learned in the lesson. The teacher can give a minute for students to think and then ask the following questions:
     1. "What was the most important concept you learned today?"
     2. "What questions do you still have about Coulomb's Law?"
   • The teacher can ask students to write down their answers in a notebook or on a piece of paper. This reflection will help students consolidate what they learned and identify any areas that may still be confusing or needing further study.
   • The teacher should encourage students to bring their questions to the next lesson, where they will have the opportunity to clarify their doubts and deepen their understanding of Coulomb's Law.

4. Teacher Feedback (1 minute)

   • Finally, the teacher should give brief feedback on the class's participation and overall performance. The teacher can praise students' efforts, highlight the strengths of the lesson, and suggest areas for improvement. The teacher should also reinforce the importance of what was learned and motivate students to continue exploring the subject.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recapitulation (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should start the Conclusion by reiterating the main points covered in the lesson, summarizing the key concepts of Coulomb's Law, such as the electrostatic force between two electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
   • It is important for the teacher to recap the activities carried out, highlighting the results obtained by students and the relationship of these results with the theory. This will help consolidate learning and reinforce the practical application of Coulomb's Law.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should explain how the lesson connected the theory of Coulomb's Law with practice, through experimentation activities and problem-solving. The teacher should also emphasize how understanding Coulomb's Law is essential for understanding various electrical and magnetic phenomena in everyday life.
   • The teacher can, for example, mention how Coulomb's Law is used in engineering to design electrical systems, or how it is applied in medicine to understand and treat diseases of the nervous system.

3. Additional Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should suggest additional study materials for students who wish to deepen their understanding of Coulomb's Law. These materials may include textbooks, educational videos, physics websites, among others.
   • For example, the teacher can suggest the book "Fundamentals of Physics" by Halliday, Resnick, and Walker, which contains a detailed explanation of Coulomb's Law, or the website "Khan Academy", which has a series of videos and exercises on the subject.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 minute)

   • Finally, the teacher should emphasize the importance of the subject presented for students' daily lives. For example, the teacher can mention how electricity is essential for the operation of numerous devices we use daily, from cell phones and computers to refrigerators and electric cars.
   • The teacher can also reinforce that understanding Coulomb's Law is fundamental not only for physics but also for other disciplines, such as chemistry and biology, since many chemical and biological processes are governed by electrostatic interactions.