Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Introduce the basic concepts of capacitance, charge, and voltage in a parallel plate capacitor.
   • Explain the definition of capacitance and how it relates to the amount of charge stored in a capacitor.
   • Discuss the definition of charge and voltage in terms of electrons and electric potential.
2. Develop the ability to calculate the capacitance, charge, and voltage in a parallel plate capacitor.
   • Present the formula for calculating capacitance in a parallel plate capacitor.
   • Demonstrate how to calculate the charge and voltage in a parallel plate capacitor, given the capacitance and initial charge.
3. Apply theoretical concepts in practical situations involving parallel plate capacitors.
   • Propose practical problems involving the use of parallel plate capacitors.
   • Guide students in the process of applying theoretical concepts to solve the proposed problems.

Secondary Objectives:

• Stimulate critical thinking and problem-solving through the use of practical situations.
• Encourage active participation of students in the learning process, through classroom discussions and group practical activities.
• Promote understanding of the importance of parallel plate capacitors in various electronic devices and circuits, encouraging curiosity and interest in Physics.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous concepts:

   • The teacher will start the lesson by reviewing the concepts of electric charge, potential difference (voltage), and electric current, as these concepts are fundamental to understanding the topic of the lesson. (3 - 5 minutes)
   • The teacher may also briefly review the concept of electric field, as this concept is important to understand how charge is stored in a capacitor. (2 - 3 minutes)

2. Problem situations:

   • The teacher can propose two problem situations to arouse students' interest and contextualize the importance of the topic. For example, "How do camera flashes emit so much light in a short period of time?" and "Why do some electronic devices, like touch-sensitive light switches, continue to function for a short period of time even after being turned off?" (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Contextualization:

   • The teacher will explain that parallel plate capacitors are fundamental components in many electronic devices, such as cameras, cell phones, computers, etc. (1 - 2 minutes)
   • The teacher may share a curiosity, such as the fact that parallel plate capacitors are used in some medical devices, like pacemakers, to provide temporary power when the main power is interrupted. (1 - 2 minutes)

4. Introduction to the topic:

   • The teacher will introduce the topic of the lesson, explaining that the parallel plate capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. (1 - 2 minutes)
   • The teacher may share the story of how the capacitor was discovered, mentioning the Leyden experiment, which was one of the first experiments with capacitors. (1 - 2 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity "Building a Capacitor" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • The teacher will divide the class into groups of up to 5 students and provide each group with the following materials: 2 sheets of aluminum foil, 1 sheet of transparent plastic (like a binder sheet), glue, and copper wires.
   • The teacher will explain that they will build a simplified model of a parallel plate capacitor. To do this, they should glue one of the aluminum foil sheets on one side of the plastic and the other sheet on the other side.
   • Next, the teacher will ask the students to cut the plastic into a rectangular shape. After that, they should glue the copper wires to the ends of the aluminum foil sheets.
   • Finally, the teacher will explain that the capacitance of the capacitor depends on the area of the plates and the separation between them. To demonstrate this, the teacher will ask the students to vary the distance between the plates (for example, by folding the plastic) and observe the changes in the capacitance of the capacitor.

2. Activity "Capacitor Calculations" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • The teacher will give each group a series of problems involving calculations of parallel plate capacitors. The problems may involve calculating capacitance, charge, and voltage.
   • The students, in their respective groups, should solve the problems, applying the theoretical concepts that were discussed in the Introduction of the lesson. The teacher should circulate around the room, assisting groups that encounter difficulties.
   • After the students finish solving the problems, the teacher will ask each group to present the solution to one of the problems to the class. This will allow students to compare their answers and discuss different solution strategies.

3. Activity "Applications of Capacitors" (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher will propose a classroom debate about the applications of capacitors, encouraging students to share examples of where they have seen capacitors being used.
   • The teacher may present some common applications of capacitors, such as in camera flashes, touch-sensitive light switches, pacemakers, etc. The teacher should briefly explain how capacitors are used in these applications.
   • Finally, the teacher will ask the students if they can think of other applications for capacitors. This activity will help reinforce the importance of capacitors and the practical application of the concepts learned during the lesson.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher will ask each group to share their solutions or conclusions from the activities carried out. Each group will have a maximum of 3 minutes to make their presentation. During the presentations, the teacher should encourage participation and respect among students, ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to speak and that discussions remain focused on the lesson Objectives.
   • The teacher should ask targeted questions to each group, encouraging them to explain the reasoning behind their solutions and to relate their findings to the theoretical concepts discussed in the lesson. This will help verify if students understood the concepts and if they are able to apply them in practical situations.

2. Connection to Theory (2 - 3 minutes)

   • After all presentations, the teacher will summarize the main ideas discussed and relate them to the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson.
   • The teacher may highlight examples of how the concepts of capacitance, charge, and voltage in a parallel plate capacitor were applied in the practical activities. This will help reinforce the relevance and applicability of the theoretical concepts.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes)

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher will propose that students reflect individually on what they have learned. The teacher will ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?".
   • The teacher should give a minute for students to think about these questions and then open up a space for students to share their reflections. The teacher should encourage students to freely express their ideas and ask questions, ensuring that all voices are heard and all doubts are clarified.
   • This reflection stage is crucial for the learning process, as it helps students consolidate what they have learned, identify areas that need further study, and develop metacognitive skills, such as self-assessment and self-regulation of learning.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recapitulation (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher will recap the main points discussed during the lesson, reinforcing the concepts of capacitance, charge, and voltage in a parallel plate capacitor.
   • The teacher should briefly review the formulas and procedures used to calculate the capacitance, charge, and voltage in a parallel plate capacitor.
   • Additionally, the teacher should recall the main practical applications of capacitors, highlighting how they are used in everyday devices.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should emphasize how the lesson connected the theory, practice, and applications of parallel plate capacitors.
   • It should be emphasized how building the capacitor model and solving practical problems helped students better understand the theoretical concepts.
   • The teacher can reaffirm that the main goal of the practical activities was to allow students to apply theoretical concepts in real situations, stimulating critical thinking and problem-solving.

3. Additional Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should suggest additional study materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of parallel plate capacitors.
   • These materials may include textbooks, explanatory videos, physics websites, among others. The teacher may even create a playlist of videos that complement the lesson and make it available to students.

4. Relevance of the Subject (1 minute)

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher should emphasize the importance of parallel plate capacitors in our daily lives, recalling some of the applications mentioned during the lesson.
   • The teacher can emphasize that, in addition to being essential components in many electronic devices, capacitors are also fundamental for the operation of various technologies, such as photography, medicine, and industry.
   • Finally, the teacher should encourage students to continue exploring the world of physics and to always seek to understand how the phenomena that occur around them are explained by science.