Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the difference between Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido:

   • Identify the differences in usage between the two verb tenses.
   • Understand the specific situations where each one is applied.

2. Practice conjugating verbs in Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido:

   • Learn the regular and irregular conjugation of the most used verbs.
   • Practice writing and pronouncing these conjugations.

3. Apply knowledge of Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido in practical examples:

   • Write sentences using both verb tenses.
   • Understand texts and dialogues that make use of these tenses.

Secondary objectives:

• Encourage student participation through group exercises and discussions.
• Develop confidence in using Spanish through constant practice.
• Reinforce knowledge acquired in previous lessons on other verb tenses.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous content:

   • The teacher begins the lesson with a quick review of the verb tenses already studied, with an emphasis on the present indicative, and the difference between regular and irregular verbs. This review can be done with a short quiz, where students have to identify the verb tense of different sentences and conjugations.

2. Presentation of problem situations:

   • The teacher presents two problem situations to the students:
     • The first situation involves describing an action that occurred in the recent past and that has relevance in the present (use of Pretérito Perfecto).
     • The second situation requires the description of an action that occurred in a specific past and that has no relevance in the present (use of Pretérito Indefinido).

3. Contextualization of the importance of the subject:

   • The teacher highlights the importance of Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido in the Spanish language, explaining how these two verb tenses are frequently used in everyday conversations, news, historical accounts, among others.
   • A connection is made with Spanish culture, showing how the choice between Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido can vary according to the region of Spain or the Hispanic world in which the person is located.

4. Introduction of the topic with curiosities:

   • The teacher can tell a curiosity about how the use of Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido can reveal the origin of a Spanish speaker. For example, speakers from Spain tend to use Pretérito Perfecto more, while in Latin America it is more common to use Pretérito Indefinido.
   • Another curiosity is that Pretérito Perfecto in Spanish is quite similar to the Present Perfect in English, which can help students understand this verb tense better.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity "Diary Day": Students are divided into groups of up to 5 people. Each group receives the outline of a fictional diary, which contains events that happened at different times in the past. The students' task will be to fill in the blanks in the diary using Pretérito Perfecto or Pretérito Indefinido, as appropriate. (10-12 minutes)

   • Before starting the activity, the teacher briefly explains how Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido are used to talk about different types of past events.
   • Students should discuss in their groups which verb tense is most appropriate for each blank, remembering that Pretérito Perfecto is used for recent events or events that still have relevance in the present, while Pretérito Indefinido is used for events that happened at a specific point in the past and have no relevance in the present.
   • The groups present their answers and discuss their choices with the class.

2. Activity "Time Travel": In this activity, students will "travel through time" to different periods of Hispanic history and culture. The teacher will distribute a different period to each group (for example, the time of the discovery of America, the Spanish Civil War, the era of flamenco, etc.). Each group must briefly research the event (using their phones or textbooks) and prepare a short presentation using Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido to describe the events. (10-13 minutes)

   • The teacher guides the groups to use Pretérito Indefinido to describe specific events that occurred during that period, and Pretérito Perfecto to describe how those events affected or still affect the present.
   • The groups present their research and the teacher helps to correct any errors in the use of the verb tenses, reinforcing the differences between them.
   • This activity not only helps to reinforce the use of verb tenses, but also promotes the learning of Hispanic culture and history.

3. Activity "Crossword Puzzle": To conclude the development part of the lesson, the teacher gives each group a crossword puzzle containing verbs in the infinitive. Students must complete the crossword puzzle by conjugating the verbs in Pretérito Perfecto or Pretérito Indefinido, as indicated. (5-7 minutes)

   • This activity allows students to practice conjugating verbs in the two verb tenses in a fun and challenging way.
   • After all the groups have completed the crossword puzzle, the teacher checks the answers with the class, correcting any errors and reinforcing the conjugation rules.

Debrief (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes):

   • After completing the activities, each group has up to 3 minutes to share their solutions or conclusions with the class. The teacher facilitates the discussion, encouraging students to explain their choices and describe the challenges they faced during the activities.
   • The teacher also asks questions to check students' understanding, such as: "Why did you choose Pretérito Perfecto/Indefinido in this situation?", "How did you know that this verb was regular/irregular?" etc.
   • Through this discussion, the teacher is able to assess the students' level of understanding of Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido, as well as identify any concepts that may still be causing confusion.

2. Connection with Theory (1 - 2 minutes):

   • After the group discussion, the teacher summarizes the activities, highlighting how they connect with the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson. He reinforces the uses of Pretérito Perfecto (for recent events or events that still have relevance in the present) and Pretérito Indefinido (for events that happened at a specific point in the past and have no relevance in the present).
   • The teacher also reviews the conjugation of regular and irregular verbs in both tenses, using examples from the activities to illustrate the points.

3. Individual Reflection (1 minute):

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher suggests a moment of individual reflection. He asks questions like "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not yet been answered?".
   • Students have one minute to think about these questions and write down their answers on a piece of paper. This activity helps students consolidate their learning and allows the teacher to identify which parts of the content need to be reviewed or reinforced in future lessons.

Conclusion (3 - 5 minutes)

1. Summary and Recap (1 - 2 minutes):

   • The teacher summarizes the main points discussed during the lesson, recalling the importance and uses of Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido in the Spanish language.
   • He reinforces the way to conjugate these verb tenses, highlighting the difference between regular and irregular verbs.
   • The teacher recalls the examples and situations worked on in the practical activities, reinforcing how the correct use of Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido can enrich communication in Spanish.

2. Connection between Theory and Practice (1 minute):

   • The teacher explains how the lesson managed to connect the theory presented at the beginning with the practical activities carried out by the students.
   • He highlights how the group exercises allowed students to apply what they learned, reinforcing their understanding of the verb tenses and their ability to use them correctly in different contexts.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes):

   • To complement the learning, the teacher suggests extra materials for students to study at home. These materials may include additional conjugation exercises, texts with examples of the use of Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido, explanatory videos and songs in Spanish that use these verb tenses.
   • The teacher can also indicate websites, applications and online platforms that offer interactive resources for the study of verb tenses in Spanish.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 minute):

   • Finally, the teacher emphasizes the importance of Pretérito Perfecto and Pretérito Indefinido in everyday life, mentioning how mastering these verb tenses can help students in real situations, such as when traveling, reading Spanish texts, taking language proficiency exams and even in conversations with native speakers.
   • The teacher reinforces that knowledge of these verb tenses is an important step towards achieving fluency in Spanish and encourages students to continue practicing and studying the content.