Lesson Plan | Traditional Methodology | Organic Functions: Amide

Objectives

Duration: 10 - 15 minutes

The purpose of this stage is to provide students with a clear and structured overview of the lesson objectives, mentally preparing them for the content that will be covered. This stage establishes the context and relevance of the topic, helping students focus on key points and the importance of amides in organic chemistry.

Main Objectives

1. Explain the formation of amides through the substitution of the hydroxyl group of the carboxylic acid with a nitrogen-containing group.

2. Identify and describe the main physical and chemical properties of amides.

3. Differentiate amides from other similar organic compounds, such as amines and carboxylic acids.

Introduction

Duration: 10 - 15 minutes

The purpose of this stage is to provide students with a clear and structured overview of the lesson objectives, mentally preparing them for the content that will be covered. This stage establishes the context and relevance of the topic, helping students focus on key points and the importance of amides in organic chemistry.

Context

Start the lesson by explaining that organic functions play a crucial role in organic chemistry and that among these functions, amides are especially important compounds. Amides are derived from carboxylic acids, where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced by a nitrogen-containing group. Highlight that amides are present in many industrial and pharmaceutical compounds, and their structure and properties are fundamental for various chemical applications.

Curiosities

Did you know that amides are essential components in the production of many medications and plastics? For example, paracetamol, one of the most common pain relievers, contains an amide in its structure. In addition, amides are used in the production of nylon, a material widely used in clothing and industrial products.

Development

Covered Topics

1. Definition and Structure of Amides: Explain that amides are organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids, where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced by an amino group (-NH2, -NHR, -NR2). Show the general formula of amides (R-CO-NR') and highlight the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary amides. 2. Nomenclature of Amides: Detail the IUPAC nomenclature rules for amides. Explain that the name is derived from the corresponding carboxylic acid, replacing the suffix '-oic' or '-ic' with '-amide'. Exemplify with acetic acid forming ethanamide (acetamide).

Questions Discussion

Duration: 20 - 25 minutes

The purpose of this stage is to consolidate the knowledge acquired by students throughout the lesson, providing a space for discussion and clarification of doubts. This stage allows students to reflect on the content, make connections, and actively engage with the material presented, promoting a deeper and more lasting understanding.

Discussion

• Describe the general structure of amides and provide examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary amides.

• Explain that amides are organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids, where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced by an amino group (-NH2, -NHR, -NR2). The general structure of amides is represented by R-CO-NH2. Provide clear examples such as methanamide (formamide) for primary amide, N-methylmethanamide for secondary amide, and N,N-dimethylmethanamide for tertiary amide.

• Explain how to name amides according to IUPAC nomenclature, using ethanamide as an example.

• The IUPAC nomenclature for amides is derived from the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, replacing the suffix '-oic' or '-ic' with '-amide'. For example, acetic acid results in ethanamide (acetamide). Detail the nomenclature process using other examples, such as butanoic acid forming butanamide.

• Discuss the main physical and chemical properties of amides and compare them with the properties of carboxylic acids and amines.

• Amides have high melting and boiling points due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds. They are generally soluble in water and are polar compounds. Compared to carboxylic acids, amides are less acidic and more stable. In comparison with amines, amides have lower basicity and reactivity. Explain the resistance of amides to hydrolysis under normal conditions and discuss the acidic and basic hydrolysis reactions of amides, resulting in carboxylic acids and amines.

Student Engagement

1. What is the importance of amides in the pharmaceutical industry and polymer production? 2. How does the structure of an amide influence its physical and chemical properties? 3. Why do amides have higher melting and boiling points than amines? 4. What are the structural and functional differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary amides? 5. How does the nomenclature of amides facilitate the identification of their chemical structure?

Conclusion

Duration: 10 - 15 minutes

The purpose of this stage is to consolidate the content presented throughout the lesson, ensuring that students have a clear and summarized view of the main points. Additionally, this stage reinforces the connection between theory and practice, highlighting the importance and application of amides in everyday life.

Summary

• Amides are organic compounds derived from carboxylic acids, where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced by an amino group (-NH2, -NHR, -NR2).
• The nomenclature of amides is based on the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid, replacing the suffix '-oic' or '-ic' with '-amide'.
• Amides have high melting and boiling points due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds, are generally soluble in water, and are polar compounds.
• Amides are stable and resistant to hydrolysis under normal conditions but can be hydrolyzed under acidic or basic conditions, resulting in carboxylic acids and amines.
• Amides have important applications in the pharmaceutical industry, such as in paracetamol, and in the production of polymers like nylon.

Throughout the lesson, the theory about amides was connected to practice by highlighting concrete examples of compounds, such as paracetamol, and industrial applications like the production of nylon. This approach facilitated the understanding of the properties and reactions of amides, as well as their practical relevance.

The study of amides is crucial for understanding various chemical processes and products that are part of our daily lives. For example, the presence of amides in essential medications and materials like nylon demonstrates their practical and industrial importance, highlighting the relevance of amides in daily life.