Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding Geomorphology: The main objective of this lesson is for students to develop a solid understanding of what Geomorphology is, including the definition of the term and its importance in the study of Earth and the environment.

2. Identifying Relief Structure: Students should be able to identify and describe the relief structure, including the difference between plateaus, plains, and mountains. This includes understanding how these different structures are formed and how they impact the landscape.

3. Recognizing Rock Types: Another important objective is for students to recognize and differentiate the different types of rocks, including sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. They should understand how each type is formed and where they are found.

Secondary Objectives:

• Stimulate Critical Thinking: Through the discussion and analysis of Geomorphology concepts, students will be encouraged to develop critical thinking skills and apply these concepts in different contexts.

• Promote Active Learning: The inverted classroom is designed to promote active learning, where students are the main protagonists in their own learning process. Therefore, a secondary objective is for students to actively engage in the lesson, participating in discussions, asking questions, and collaborating with their peers.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher will start the lesson by briefly reviewing the geology concepts learned in previous classes. This will include a recap of the three basic types of rocks (sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic) and how they are formed. Additionally, the teacher will recall the definition of Geomorphology and its importance in the study of Earth and the environment. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem Situations: To spark students' interest, the teacher will present two problem situations related to the lesson's theme:

   • "Imagine you are studying the landscape of a mountainous region. How could you identify if the mountains are formed by sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rocks?"
   • "Suppose you are analyzing a topographic map of a coastal region. How could you identify if the area is a plain or a plateau?" (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher will then explain the practical importance of Geomorphology, highlighting how this science is crucial for understanding landscape formation, the occurrence of earthquakes and volcanoes, the location of natural resources, among others. The teacher may also cite real examples of how Geomorphology is used in various areas, such as civil engineering and petroleum geology. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the Topic: To introduce the topic and capture students' attention, the teacher may share some curiosities or interesting facts about Geomorphology. Some examples could be:

   • "Did you know that the tallest mountains in the world, like Mount Everest, were formed by tectonic movements over millions of years?"
   • "And that the Great Plains of North America, one of the largest flat areas in the world, were formed by the deposition of sediments from ancient layers of ice?" (2 - 3 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity 'Building Geomorphology' (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Description: In this practical activity, students will be divided into groups of three and will receive a kit of materials (clay, sand, pebbles, cardboard, etc.) to build their own relief model. The model should include plateaus, plains, and mountains. Each group will also receive different types of rocks (represented by different colors of clay) to place in their model, reflecting the composition of real relief.

   • Step by step:

     1. Students should discuss and decide how they will represent each type of relief and where they will place the different rocks in their model.
     2. Then, they will start building their model, shaping the clay to form the mountains, plateaus, and plains and gluing the pebbles to create realistic textures.
     3. After building the relief, students will place the rocks in their proper places, explaining the reasoning behind their choices.
     4. Finally, each group will present their model to the class, explaining the relief structure and the types of rocks represented.

2. Activity 'Geomorphological Detective' (10 - 13 minutes)

   • Description: In this investigation activity, students will receive a set of images and information about a real geographic region. They will be challenged to use their knowledge of Geomorphology to identify the relief structure and the types of rocks present.

   • Step by step:

     1. Students, still in their groups, will receive an envelope containing several images of the region (topographic maps, aerial photos, etc.) and information about the local geology.
     2. They will work together to analyze the evidence and answer a series of questions, such as: "What type of relief is predominant in this region?" and "What types of rocks are most common here and why?"
     3. After discussing the answers in their groups, students will present their conclusions to the class, explaining how they arrived at them and what the challenges were.
     4. The teacher will then provide feedback and clarify any misunderstandings, emphasizing the important concepts of Geomorphology.

Return (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (4 - 5 minutes)

   • Description: After the conclusion of the practical activities, the teacher will lead a group discussion with all students, addressing the solutions or conclusions of each group. The goal is for students to share their experiences and learnings, thus consolidating the concepts and knowledge acquired.

   • Step by step:

     1. The teacher will choose a representative from each group to briefly present the main findings or solutions found during the activities.
     2. After each presentation, other students will have the opportunity to ask questions or make comments, promoting interaction and the exchange of ideas.
     3. The teacher will moderate the discussion, ensuring that all important concepts of Geomorphology are addressed and that students are understanding the practical application of these concepts.

2. Connection with Theory (3 - 4 minutes)

   • Description: In this stage, the teacher will reinforce the connection between the practical activities carried out and the theory discussed in the Introduction of the lesson. The goal is for students to realize how theoretical concepts apply in practice.

   • Step by step:

     1. The teacher will review the main points of the lesson, explaining how the relief structure and rock types were represented in the practical activities.
     2. He will also highlight the main conclusions or discoveries made by the students, demonstrating how they confirm or illustrate the theoretical concepts.
     3. The teacher will encourage students to reflect on the connection between theory and practice, asking, for example: "How did the relief construction activity help understand the formation of mountains and plains?" or "How did the geomorphological detective activity help us identify the types of rocks?"
     4. He may also propose new questions or challenges, encouraging students to think more deeply about the topic.

3. Final Reflection (3 - 4 minutes)

   • Description: To conclude the lesson, the teacher will propose that students reflect individually on what they have learned. They will have a minute to silently think and then will be invited to share their answers with the class.

   • Step by step:

     1. The teacher will propose some questions to guide students' reflection, such as: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?"
     2. Students will have a minute to think about these questions silently.
     3. Then, the teacher will ask some volunteers to share their answers with the class. He will emphasize that there are no right or wrong answers, just the importance of reflecting on their own learning.
     4. The teacher will end the lesson, thanking the students for their participation and effort and encouraging them to continue exploring the fascinating world of Geomorphology.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Content Recapitulation (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher will recap the main points covered during the lesson, reinforcing the concepts of Geomorphology, relief structure, and rock types. He may ask students what they remember about each concept to check the assimilation of the content.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher will explain how the lesson connected theory to practice through the activities 'Building Geomorphology' and 'Geomorphological Detective.' He will highlight how students were able to apply their theoretical knowledge to understand and describe different relief formations and rocks. Additionally, the teacher will reinforce the practical applications of Geomorphology, such as understanding landscape formation and identifying natural resources.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher will suggest some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge on the subject. This may include books, documentaries, geology websites, and interactive online resources. For example, he may recommend reading a book on relief and rock formation, or watching a documentary on the geology of a specific region. The teacher may also indicate websites or apps that allow students to explore topographic maps and satellite images.

4. Subject Importance (1 minute)

   • Description: Finally, the teacher will reinforce the importance of the subject presented for students' daily lives. For instance, he may explain how Geomorphology is used in various areas, such as predicting natural disasters, exploring natural resources, building infrastructures, and preserving the environment. The teacher may also highlight how understanding relief structure and rock types can enrich travel experiences and nature appreciation.