Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Understand the historical context of the birth of Islam: Students should be able to identify and describe the political, social, and religious scenario of pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula, highlighting the main characteristics and cults present.

2. Analyze the life and legacy of the prophet Muhammad: Students should be able to analyze the life and main actions of the prophet Muhammad, highlighting the impact of his ideas and actions on the formation of Islam.

3. Understand the expansion of Islam and its main developments: Students should be able to explain how Islam rapidly expanded after the death of Muhammad, identifying the main factors and events that contributed to this expansion.

Secondary Objectives:

• Identify the main differences between Islam and other monotheistic religions: Students should be able to compare Islam with other monotheistic religions, identifying the main similarities and differences.

• Relate the historical context to the formation of the religion: Students should be able to relate the historical context of the Arabian Peninsula to the formation of Islam, understanding how local conditions influenced the creation and expansion of the religion.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Recalling previous content: The teacher should start the lesson by briefly recalling the concepts of monotheistic religions and the historical context of Late Antiquity, emphasizing the cultural and religious diversity of the time. This review will serve as a basis for understanding the new content.

2. Presenting problem situations: The teacher can propose two situations for the students to think about:

   • The first situation can be about the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under a new religion. How was this possible? What were the factors that contributed to this unification?
   • The second situation can be about the rapid expansion of Islam. Why did Islam expand so quickly? What were the challenges faced by Muslims in this expansion process?

3. Contextualizing the subject: The teacher should explain that Islam is one of the largest religions in the world, with over 1.8 billion followers. Furthermore, Islam has a significant influence on global politics and society. Therefore, understanding the formation and expansion of Islam is crucial to understanding the contemporary world.

4. Capturing students' attention: To spark students' interest, the teacher can share some curiosities or stories related to Islam. For example:

   • The first curiosity can be about the city of Mecca, the holiest place in Islam. Why is Mecca so important to Muslims?
   • The second curiosity can be about the influence of Islam on science and philosophy. Many important scientific and philosophical advances were made by Muslim scientists and philosophers during the Islamic Golden Age.

By the end of the Introduction, students should be engaged and curious to learn more about the birth and expansion of Islam.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Historical Context of Pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should explain in detail the historical context of the Arabian Peninsula before the birth of Islam. This includes the presence of various nomadic tribes, the existence of a prosperous trade, religious diversity, and the importance of Mecca as a pilgrimage center. The teacher can use a map to illustrate the geographical location of the Arabian Peninsula and the expansion of Islam.

2. Birth and Life of Muhammad (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should present the life of Muhammad, from his birth in Mecca to his death in Medina. The main events of Muhammad's life should be highlighted, such as the revelation of the Quran, the migration from Mecca to Medina (Hijra), and the unification of the Arab tribes under Islam. The teacher can use images and videos to illustrate Muhammad's life.

3. Principles of Islam (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should explain the main principles of Islam, including the belief in one God (Allah), the importance of prayer, fasting during Ramadan, the obligation of charity, and the pilgrimage to Mecca. The teacher should also address the importance of the Quran and the Sunnah (traditions of Muhammad) for Muslims. Examples and stories can be used to illustrate these principles.

4. Expansion of Islam (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should explain how Islam rapidly expanded after the death of Muhammad. This includes the conquest of Mecca, the expansion to Syria and Egypt, and the conversion of many peoples to Islam. The teacher should discuss the main factors that contributed to this expansion, such as religious fervor, the military ability of Muslims, and the weakness of neighboring empires. A map can be used to illustrate the expansion of Islam.

5. Impacts of the Expansion of Islam (3 - 5 minutes): The teacher should discuss the impacts of the expansion of Islam, both for the conquered peoples and for Muslims. This includes the spread of the Arabic language, the propagation of the Islamic faith, the formation of an Islamic empire, and the influence of Islam on culture, science, and philosophy. Examples and stories can be used to illustrate these impacts.

By the end of the Development, students should have a clear understanding of the birth and expansion of Islam, as well as the impact of Islam on history and society.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should divide the class into small groups and ask them to discuss the answers to the problem situations presented at the beginning of the lesson. Each group should present their conclusions to the class. The teacher should facilitate the discussion by asking questions to deepen students' understanding and correcting any misunderstandings.

2. Connection to the real world (3 - 5 minutes): The teacher should ask students to reflect on the relevance of what they have learned to the current world. Questions like: How did the formation and expansion of Islam influence the history and society of the current world? How does Islam compare to other monotheistic religions? What is the importance of Islam in global politics and society? Students should be encouraged to express their opinions and make connections with their own experiences.

3. Individual reflection (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should ask students to silently reflect on what they have learned. Questions like: What was the most important concept you learned today? What questions have not been answered yet? What would you like to learn more about Islam? Students should write down their answers and share them with the class if they wish.

4. Feedback and clarification of doubts (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should ask students to share any doubts or difficulties they still have. The teacher should then clarify these doubts and provide constructive feedback. The teacher can also ask students to evaluate the lesson and suggest ways to improve it.

By the end of the Return, students should have a clear and in-depth understanding of the birth and expansion of Islam, as well as its importance for the current world. Additionally, students should feel capable of applying what they have learned in their own lives and continue learning about Islam autonomously.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Content (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should start the Conclusion by summarizing the main points covered during the lesson. This includes the historical context of the pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula, the life and legacy of Muhammad, the principles of Islam, the expansion of Islam and its impacts. The teacher should make connections between the different topics, reinforcing the idea that the birth and expansion of Islam were influenced by political, social, and religious factors.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should explain how the lesson connected theory (knowledge about Islam), practice (group discussion, individual reflection), and applications (connection to the real world). The teacher should emphasize that the goal of the lesson was not only to provide information but also to develop students' ability to understand, analyze, and apply knowledge.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should suggest extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge about Islam. This may include books, documentaries, websites, and museums. The teacher should emphasize that learning is a continuous process and that students should seek opportunities to learn beyond the classroom.

4. Relevance of the Subject (1 minute): Finally, the teacher should highlight the importance of Islam for the current world. The teacher can discuss how Islam influences politics, society, culture, science, and philosophy. Additionally, the teacher can emphasize the importance of intercultural respect and understanding, especially in an increasingly globalized and diverse world.

By the end of the Conclusion, students should have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the birth and expansion of Islam, as well as its importance for the current world. Additionally, students should feel motivated and empowered to continue learning about Islam autonomously.