Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

Main Objectives:

1. Introduce the fundamental concepts of geometric optics, such as the nature of light rays, the path of light in homogeneous media, and the notion of primary and secondary sources of light.
2. Explain basic optical phenomena, such as reflection and refraction, and how they are observed in practice.
3. Initiate students' understanding of image formation by flat mirrors and lenses, focusing on the difference between real and virtual image formation.

Secondary Objectives:

1. Stimulate students' curiosity and interest in optics, highlighting its importance and applications in everyday life and in various areas of science and technology.
2. Promote active student participation, encouraging them to ask questions and participate in discussions during the class.
3. Develop students' ability to apply the concepts learned in problem-solving situations, through practical activities and theoretical exercises.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the class by recalling some fundamental Physics concepts that are essential for understanding Geometric Optics. This includes the idea that light is a form of energy that propagates in a straight line, the notion of wavelength and frequency, and the concept of the speed of light. The teacher can do this through quick questions to test students' prior knowledge and engage them in the class.

2. Problem-Solving Scenarios: To arouse students' interest and contextualize the importance of Geometric Optics, the teacher can present two problem-solving scenarios. The first one could be: 'Why can we see our image reflected in a mirror?' The second one could be: 'Why does light appear to bend when passing from one transparent medium to another, such as from air to water?'

3. Contextualization: The teacher should then explain how Geometric Optics is applied in various areas of science and technology. He can mention, for example, the importance of Geometric Optics in the construction of microscopes, telescopes, cameras, and in modern technologies such as fiber optics and holograms.

4. Introduction to the Topic: To introduce the topic of the class, the teacher can share two curiosities. The first one is that, although light travels incredibly fast, its speed decreases when it passes from one medium to another, causing refraction. The second curiosity is that the phenomenon of light reflection is essential for our vision, as this is how light from objects around us is reflected in our eyes, allowing us to see.

5. Capturing Students' Attention: To capture students' attention, the teacher can share two interesting applications of Geometric Optics. The first one is optical illusions, which are based on how light is reflected and refracted. The second one is virtual reality technology, which uses lenses to create a virtual image that appears to be in the same location as the real world, demonstrating image formation by lenses.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory - Nature of Light and Light Rays (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should start the theoretical part by introducing the nature of light. It should be emphasized that light is a form of energy that propagates in a straight line and that it can be modeled as a ray. Light rays are represented by straight lines, indicating the direction and sense of light propagation. Additionally, the teacher should explain that light can be emitted by primary sources, such as the Sun, or by secondary sources, such as the objects we see around us.

   • The teacher can use a simplified model, such as the concept of 'photons,' which are light particles, to explain the nature of light.
   • To make the class more interactive, the teacher can use a laser to demonstrate the propagation of light in a straight line.

2. Theory - Reflection (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should then explain the phenomenon of reflection. It should be emphasized that light reflection occurs when light strikes a surface and returns to the original propagation medium. The teacher should introduce the concept of 'normal' (the line perpendicular to the reflection surface) and explain that the angle of incidence (the angle between the incident light ray and the normal) is equal to the angle of reflection (the angle between the reflected light ray and the normal).

   • The teacher can use a flat mirror to demonstrate the reflection phenomenon and measure the angles of incidence and reflection.

3. Theory - Refraction (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should then introduce the phenomenon of refraction. It should be explained that light refraction occurs when light passes from one medium to another with a different density. The teacher should emphasize that light refraction causes a change in its speed and direction.

   • The teacher can use a container with water and a pencil as an example to demonstrate the refraction phenomenon.

4. Theory - Light Sources and Image Formation (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should conclude the theoretical part by explaining image formation by flat mirrors and lenses. The difference between real images (formed when light rays intersect) and virtual images (formed when light rays appear to intersect) should be emphasized. The teacher should also discuss the properties of images formed by flat mirrors and lenses.

   • The teacher can use models of flat mirrors and lenses to demonstrate image formation.
   • To make the class more practical, the teacher can ask students to bring their own sunglasses or contact lenses to class and demonstrate image formation using these objects.

5. Discussion and Clarification of Doubts (3 - 5 minutes): After the theory explanation, the teacher should open space for questions and discussions. This will allow students to clarify any doubts they may have and also help consolidate their understanding of the concepts presented in the class.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Key Concepts (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should start the Return phase by reviewing the main concepts covered during the class. This includes the nature of light rays, reflection and refraction of light, image formation by flat mirrors and lenses, and the difference between real and virtual images. The teacher can use diagrams, drawings, or models to reinforce these concepts and ensure that students have understood them correctly.

   • The teacher can ask students to explain these concepts in their own words to verify if they have understood them correctly.

2. Connection with Theory (3 - 4 minutes): Next, the teacher should connect theory with practice and the real world. He can do this through questions like: 'How are light reflection and refraction important for our vision?' or 'What happens when we see an object through a flat mirror?' The teacher should emphasize the importance of Geometric Optics in our daily lives and in various areas of science and technology.

   • The teacher can ask students to think of examples of the use of Geometric Optics in their daily lives, such as when using a microscope, a telescope, a camera, sunglasses, or contact lenses.

3. Reflection (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should then propose that students reflect on what they have learned during the class. He can do this by asking students to answer questions like: 'What was the most important concept you learned today?' and 'What questions have not been answered yet?'

   • The teacher can ask students to write down their answers in a notebook or on a piece of paper, so they can review them later and reflect on their own learning process.

4. Feedback and Next Steps (2 - 3 minutes): Finally, the teacher should provide feedback to students on their performance during the class and clarify any remaining doubts. He should also inform students about the next topics to be covered in the next class and the homework activities.

   • The teacher can also ask students to prepare for the next class by reading a specific chapter of a textbook, watching an educational video, or conducting a simple experiment at home.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should start the Conclusion phase by summarizing the main points covered during the class. This includes the nature of light rays, reflection and refraction of light, image formation by flat mirrors and lenses, and the difference between real and virtual images. The teacher can reinforce these concepts with practical examples and recall the activities carried out during the class.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes): Next, the teacher should emphasize how the class managed to connect theory, practice, and applications of Geometric Optics. For example, he can mention how the theoretical discussion on light reflection and refraction was complemented by practical experiments and how image formation by flat mirrors and lenses was demonstrated using everyday examples and modern technologies. The teacher should also reinforce the importance of Geometric Optics in various areas of science and technology, and how it is applied in numerous everyday situations.

3. Suggestion of Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should then suggest extra study materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of Geometric Optics. This may include textbooks, educational websites, YouTube videos, and simple experiments that can be conducted at home. The teacher should emphasize that Geometric Optics is a vast and complex topic, and that autonomous study is essential for a complete understanding of these concepts.

4. Importance of the Subject for Daily Life (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher should emphasize the importance of Geometric Optics for students' daily lives. He can mention, for example, how understanding light reflection and refraction can help understand image formation in mirrors, lenses, and technologies such as cameras and microscopes. The teacher should also emphasize that Geometric Optics is not just an abstract study topic, but a discipline with numerous practical applications that contributes to our understanding of the world around us.