Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Understand the basic structure of the human eye: Students should be able to identify and describe the main structures of the human eye, including the cornea, the pupil, the lens, the retina, and the optic nerve. They should also be able to explain the function of each of these structures in the process of vision.

2. Understand how vision occurs: Students should be able to explain the process by which vision occurs, from the entry of light into the eye to the formation of an image on the retina. This includes understanding how light is refracted by the cornea and the lens, and how the image is inverted on the retina.

3. Identify and describe common vision problems: Students should be able to identify and describe common vision problems, such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. They should also be able to explain how these problems affect the process of vision.

Secondary Objectives

1. Develop critical thinking skills: Students should be encouraged to think critically about the functioning of the human eye and vision problems. They should be able to make connections between theory and practice, and apply their knowledge to analyze and solve problems.

2. Stimulate curiosity and interest in Physics: Through a practical and interactive approach, students should be encouraged to develop an interest in Physics and science in general. They should be encouraged to ask questions, explore new concepts, and seek a deeper understanding of the world around them.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of related content: The teacher should start the lesson by quickly reviewing the concepts of optics and light that were covered in previous classes. This may include the definition of light, the laws of reflection and refraction, and the formation of images in mirrors and lenses. This review is important to ensure that students have the necessary foundation to understand the topic of the lesson. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Presentation of problem situations: The teacher can then present two problem situations to the students that will be discussed throughout the lesson:

   • How is the human eye able to see objects of different colors and sizes?
   • Why do some people need to wear glasses to see correctly, while others do not?

   These questions serve to arouse the curiosity of the students and to introduce the topic of the lesson. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher should then explain to the students the importance of studying the human eye in Physics and Medicine. It can be mentioned how understanding the functioning of the human eye is essential for the development of medical imaging technologies, such as optical coherence tomography, and for the diagnosis and treatment of vision problems. In addition, it can be highlighted how Physics is present in our daily lives, from the operation of the TV to the formation of rainbows. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Engage students' attention: To introduce the topic and engage students' attention, the teacher can share some curiosities about the human eye:

   • The human eye is able to distinguish about 10 million different colors.
   • The size of the eye's pupil can vary from 2 to 8 mm, depending on the amount of light in the environment.
   • The cornea is the only tissue in the human body that does not have blood vessels. It obtains oxygen directly from the air. (3 - 4 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity 1 - Modeling the Human Eye (10 - 15 minutes): The teacher should divide the class into groups of up to 5 students. Each group will receive a modeling kit containing materials such as modeling clay, straws, styrofoam balls, cardboard, among others. The challenge will be to build a three-dimensional model of the human eye, representing the main structures (cornea, pupil, lens, retina, and optic nerve). The teacher should provide a visual guide with the characteristics of each structure to assist students in the construction. At the end of the activity, each group should explain to the class how their model represents the eye structures and how they function in the process of vision.

   Step-by-step of the activity:

   • Step 1: The teacher should divide the class into groups and provide each group with a modeling kit.
   • Step 2: Each group should discuss and plan how they will build the model of the human eye using the available materials.
   • Step 3: Students should start building the model, following their plan.
   • Step 4: While the groups build the model, the teacher should circulate around the room, asking questions and assisting students, if necessary.
   • Step 5: After the model construction is completed, each group should prepare a brief presentation for the class, explaining how their model represents the eye structures and how they function in the process of vision.

2. Activity 2 - Simulation of Vision Problems (10 - 15 minutes): Still in groups, students will receive special glasses that simulate the effects of different vision problems, such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. The teacher should briefly explain how each of these problems affects vision. Then, students should try on the glasses and describe how their vision is altered. They should also discuss the difficulties that these vision problems can cause in daily activities. This activity aims to provide students with a practical understanding of vision problems and the importance of treating them correctly.

   Step-by-step of the activity:

   • Step 1: The teacher should briefly explain how each vision problem affects vision.
   • Step 2: Students should be divided into groups, and each group will receive a pair of glasses that simulate one of the vision problems.
   • Step 3: Each student in the group should try on the glasses and describe how their vision is altered.
   • Step 4: Students should discuss the difficulties that these vision problems can cause in daily activities.
   • Step 5: Each group should prepare a brief presentation for the class, describing the vision problem they simulated and the associated difficulties.

These practical activities allow students to explore the lesson topic in a fun and engaging way, helping them understand and remember the concepts of geometric optics and the functioning of the human eye. Additionally, they promote collaboration and communication among students, important skills for effective learning. The teacher should be present during the activities, circulating around the room, asking questions, and providing feedback as needed.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should gather all students and promote a group discussion. Each group will have up to 3 minutes to share the solutions or conclusions they reached during the activities. The teacher should encourage students to explain their choices and actions, as well as the difficulties encountered and how they were overcome. Additionally, the teacher should take the opportunity to clarify any misunderstandings and reinforce the key concepts of the lesson.

   Step-by-step of the group discussion:

   • Step 1: The teacher should gather all students into a single group.
   • Step 2: Each group will have up to 3 minutes to share their solutions or conclusions.
   • Step 3: During the presentations, the teacher should ask questions to deepen students' understanding and clarify any misunderstandings.
   • Step 4: After all groups have presented, the teacher should summarize the main conclusions and reinforce the key concepts of the lesson.

2. Connection with Theory (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should then connect the practical activities carried out with the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson. For example, the teacher can ask students how building the model of the human eye reflects the process of image formation in the eye. Or how simulating vision problems helps to understand the importance of light refraction in the eye. This step is crucial to consolidate learning and to show students the relevance of theory to practice.

   Step-by-step of the connection with theory:

   • Step 1: The teacher should review the main theoretical concepts of the lesson.
   • Step 2: The teacher should ask students how the practical activities relate to the theory.
   • Step 3: Students should discuss their perceptions, and the teacher should clarify any doubts or misunderstandings.

3. Individual Reflection (3 - 5 minutes): To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose that students make an individual reflection on what they have learned. The teacher can ask questions such as:

   1. What was the most important concept you learned today?
   2. What questions have not been answered yet?
   3. How can you apply what you learned today in everyday situations?

   Students should have a minute to think about each question. Then, the teacher can ask some students to share their answers with the class. This step allows students to consolidate their learning and allows the teacher to assess the effectiveness of the lesson.

   Step-by-step of the individual reflection:

   • Step 1: The teacher should propose the reflection questions to the students.
   • Step 2: Students should have a minute to think about each question.
   • Step 3: The teacher can ask some students to share their answers with the class.
   • Step 4: The teacher should summarize the main answers and make any necessary final comments.

The Return stage is essential to consolidate learning and to assess the effectiveness of the lesson. The teacher should ensure that all students have the opportunity to participate and express their ideas and doubts. Additionally, the teacher should be open to feedback and suggestions for improvement, in order to adjust their lessons in the future and better meet the needs of students.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should start the Conclusion by summarizing the main points covered during the lesson. This includes the basic structure of the human eye, the process of vision, the most common vision problems, and how they affect vision. The teacher can use the human eye model built by students during the practical activity to visually recall the eye structures and their respective roles in the process of vision. Additionally, the teacher should highlight the main discoveries or conclusions that students reached during the group discussions and individual reflection.

   Step-by-step of the summary of contents:

   • Step 1: The teacher should recap the main points covered during the lesson.
   • Step 2: The teacher should refer to the human eye model built by students to reinforce the concepts.
   • Step 3: The teacher should highlight the main discoveries or conclusions of the students.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should then explain how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications. This may include discussing how the practical activities helped to illustrate and apply theoretical concepts, and how the simulated vision problems are related to real-world applications of geometric optics knowledge. The teacher can also mention examples of how the knowledge acquired in the lesson can be applied in everyday situations or in other areas of knowledge.

   Step-by-step of the connection between theory, practice, and applications:

   • Step 1: The teacher should explain how the practical activities illustrated and applied theoretical concepts.
   • Step 2: The teacher should discuss how the simulated vision problems are related to real-world applications of geometric optics knowledge.
   • Step 3: The teacher should provide examples of how the knowledge acquired in the lesson can be applied in everyday situations or in other areas of knowledge.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should then suggest extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge on the topic. This may include books, articles, videos, and websites related to geometric optics and human vision. The teacher can also suggest simple experiments that students can do at home to further explore the subject.

   Step-by-step of the suggestion of extra materials:

   • Step 1: The teacher should suggest books, articles, videos, and websites related to the lesson topic.
   • Step 2: The teacher should propose simple experiments that students can do at home to further explore the subject.

4. Importance of the Topic (1 minute): Finally, the teacher should summarize the importance of the lesson topic, reinforcing how understanding the functioning of the human eye and vision problems is relevant not only to Physics but also to Medicine and people's daily lives. The teacher should encourage students to continue exploring the topic and asking questions, reminding them that curiosity and questioning are the foundations of effective learning.

   Step-by-step of the discussion of the importance of the topic:

   • Step 1: The teacher should summarize the importance of the lesson topic.
   • Step 2: The teacher should encourage students to continue exploring the topic and asking questions.
   • Step 3: The teacher should remind students that curiosity and questioning are essential for effective learning.