Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of the photoelectric effect, its theoretical foundations, and practical applications.

   • Students should be able to explain what the photoelectric effect is, how it occurs, and what its main applications are in everyday life and science.

2. Identify the main scientists involved in the discovery and study of the photoelectric effect.

   • Students should be able to name the scientists involved in the discovery of the photoelectric effect and briefly describe the role of each in the development of this field of study.

3. Solve problems involving the photoelectric effect, such as calculating the kinetic energy of an electron released in a specific experiment.

   • Students should be able to apply the formulas and concepts related to the photoelectric effect to solve numerical problems and interpret the results obtained.

Secondary Objectives:

• Develop research skills and teamwork through research on the scientists involved in the study of the photoelectric effect and the preparation of a brief presentation on the subject.
• Stimulate critical thinking and scientific curiosity through the discussion of practical applications of the photoelectric effect and the performance of simple experiments to illustrate its concepts.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous contents:

   • The teacher should start the lesson by reviewing the concepts of electromagnetic waves, particularly light, and the dual nature of particles, explaining that light can be considered both a wave and a particle, called a photon.
   • It is also important to review the idea of energy, particularly kinetic energy and potential energy, and how they relate to particle physics. (5 minutes)

2. Problem situations:

   • The teacher can propose two problem situations to arouse students' interest and prepare them for the lesson topic:
     • How do solar panels convert sunlight into electricity?
     • Why do some surfaces emit electrons when illuminated, while others do not? (5 minutes)

3. Contextualization:

   • The teacher should explain that the photoelectric effect is a fundamental phenomenon with practical applications in various areas, from solar energy generation to sensor technology and digital displays.
   • It can also be mentioned that the photoelectric effect was one of the first phenomena to challenge the classical view of physics, leading to the development of quantum physics and earning Albert Einstein the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. (3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the topic:

   • Finally, the teacher should introduce the lesson topic by explaining that the photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which light causes the emission of electrons from a surface, and that this phenomenon is explained by the quantum theory of light.
   • It can also be mentioned that, although the photoelectric effect is a complex topic, many of its ideas can be understood intuitively, which will be explored more deeply during the lesson. (2 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Practical activity: Photoelectric Effect Experiment (10 - 15 minutes)

   • The teacher should divide the class into groups and provide each group with a kit of photoelectric effect experiments, which includes a light source, a metal plate, and a voltmeter.
   • The teacher should guide the students in setting up the experiment, ensuring they understand the procedure and measurements to be taken.
   • Each group should conduct the experiment, measuring the potential difference generated when light shines on the metal plate at different intensities and wavelengths.
   • During the experiment, the teacher should move around the room, assisting the groups and clarifying doubts.
   • After the conclusion of the experiment, each group should record the results and prepare a brief explanation of what they observed and how it relates to the photoelectric effect.

2. Group discussion: Interpretation of the experiment results (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher should gather the class and facilitate a discussion on the results of the experiment.
   • Each group should share their observations and conclusions, and other groups should be encouraged to ask questions and make comments.
   • The teacher should guide the discussion, highlighting key points and relating them to the theory of the photoelectric effect.
   • This activity aims not only to deepen students' understanding of the photoelectric effect but also to develop their communication, critical thinking, and teamwork skills.

3. Problem-solving activity: Application of the photoelectric effect (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher should provide each group with a set of problems related to the photoelectric effect, which they should solve together.
   • The problems should involve the application of formulas and concepts of the photoelectric effect to calculate quantities such as the kinetic energy of emitted electrons, the frequency of incident light, and the work function of the material.
   • The teacher should move around the room, assisting the groups and clarifying doubts.
   • After a set time, each group should present their solutions and explain how they arrived at them.
   • This activity aims to consolidate students' understanding of the photoelectric effect and its applications, and develop their problem-solving and critical thinking skills.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group discussion (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher should gather all students and promote a group discussion on the solutions or conclusions found by each of the groups during the activities.
   • This is an opportunity for students to share their perspectives, ideas, and reasoning, allowing them to learn from each other and see different ways to approach the same problem.
   • The teacher should encourage everyone's participation by asking questions to stimulate critical thinking and reflection on what was learned.

2. Connections with theory (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should then guide a reflection on how the practical activities and the experiment connect with the theory of the photoelectric effect.
   • The importance of understanding the theory to correctly interpret the experiment results and solve the proposed problems should be emphasized.
   • For example, the teacher can highlight how the quantum theory of light explains why the energy of emitted electrons depends on the frequency of incident light and not its intensity.

3. Review of key concepts (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should then review the key concepts covered in the lesson, such as the photoelectric effect, the dual nature of light, the kinetic energy of electrons, and the work function.
   • The teacher can ask students to summarize in their own words what they understood about each concept, thus verifying if they were able to assimilate the information.
   • This is also an opportunity to clarify any remaining doubts that may exist.

4. Final reflection (1 minute)

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose that students reflect for a minute on the following questions:
     1. What was the most important concept learned today?
     2. What questions have not been answered yet?
   • The teacher can ask some volunteers to share their reflections with the class, allowing everyone to learn from each other's experiences and perspectives.

This Feedback stage is essential to consolidate learning, as it allows students to reflect on what they have learned, make connections with the theory, and identify any gaps in their understanding that may need to be filled in future lessons.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should start the conclusion of the lesson by giving a brief summary of the main points covered. This includes defining the photoelectric effect, the dual nature of light, and how the quantum theory of light explains the phenomenon.
   • The names of the scientists involved in the discovery of the photoelectric effect and their contributions to modern physics should also be recalled.
   • The teacher can ask students questions to check if they can recall and explain these points, thus reinforcing learning.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Next, the teacher should highlight how the lesson connected the theory of the photoelectric effect with practice, through the conducted experiment, and with the real-world applications of the phenomenon.
   • The teacher can recall the initial questions proposed in the Introduction of the lesson and show how they were answered based on theoretical concepts and the practical experience of the experiment.
   • This helps reinforce the relevance of the learned content and motivates students to continue exploring the topic.

3. Additional Materials (1 minute)

   • The teacher should then suggest some additional study materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of the photoelectric effect. This may include books, articles, educational videos, physics websites, and online experiments.
   • The teacher can also encourage students to explore more about the applications of the photoelectric effect, such as solar panel technology and light sensors, which can be interesting topics for research and future projects.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should emphasize the importance of the photoelectric effect, not only as a physics study topic but also as a phenomenon with significant practical applications.
   • The teacher can mention, for example, how understanding the photoelectric effect is fundamental for the development of solar energy, a clean and renewable energy source that plays a crucial role in the fight against climate change.
   • The teacher can also highlight how the discovery of the photoelectric effect challenged the classical view of physics and led to the development of quantum theory, one of the most revolutionary and successful theories in science.

This Conclusion stage is essential to consolidate learning, reinforce the relevance of the content, and motivate students to continue studying and exploring the topic.