Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. To understand and recall key dates in Roman history, specifically marking the founding of Rome in 753 BC, the overthrow of the monarchy in 509 BC, and the subsequent establishment of the Republic.
2. To identify and describe the significant political and social changes that occurred during the shift from monarchy to republic.
3. To analyze the impact of these changes on the development of Roman society and culture.

Secondary objectives:

• To enhance students' skills in historical analysis and critical thinking by comparing the Roman monarchy and republic.
• To encourage active engagement and participation through in-class discussions and activities.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Begin the class by reminding students of the previous lessons on early civilizations, emphasizing the different forms of government that have been encountered so far, such as monarchies and republics. Highlight that these varied systems of governance have shaped societies and cultures in numerous ways.

2. Suggest two problem situations to stimulate students' thinking. Firstly, ask them to imagine they are living in a time when their king or queen is making decisions that they feel are not in their best interest. How would they feel? What could they do about it? Secondly, propose a situation where they are part of a governing body where decisions are made collectively. What challenges might arise in such a system? These scenarios will prepare students to understand the shift from monarchy to republic in ancient Rome.

3. Contextualize the importance of the lesson by connecting it with current events. Draw parallels between the Roman Republic and modern-day republics, such as the United States, to demonstrate how ancient political systems have influenced today's world.

4. Grab the students' attention by sharing two intriguing facts. First, share that the first king of Rome, Romulus, is also considered the city's founder, and according to legend, he was raised by a she-wolf! Second, reveal that during the Roman Republic, two consuls were elected each year to govern the city, but in times of crisis, a dictator could be appointed for six months. This unique system was designed to prevent any one person from gaining too much power.

5. Transition into the lesson by stating that they will be exploring these exciting historical events and systems in more detail, and understanding how they shaped Roman society and culture.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. The Founding of Rome and the Monarchy (5 - 7 minutes)

   1. Explain that, according to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus, who became its first king, in 753 BC. The teaching should then highlight that Roman monarchy was not hereditary, as kings were elected by the citizens' assembly.
   2. Discuss the seven kings of Rome, focusing on key points such as the influence of Etruscan kings and the ever-increasing dissatisfaction of the Romans with the monarchy.
   3. Describe Roman society during the monarchy, paying attention to the religious, social, and political structures.

2. The Overthrow of the Monarchy and the Establishment of the Republic (6 - 8 minutes)

   1. Describe the events leading to the overthrow of the last king, Tarquin the Proud, in 509 BC, which was the result of his tyrannical rule.
   2. Explain that after Tarquin, Rome became a republic, meaning it was no longer ruled by a king but by elected officials. These officials, known as consuls, were elected each year by an assembly of citizens.
   3. Discuss the meaning of "SPQR" or Senātus Populusque Rōmānus, stressing that it translates to "The Senate and People of Rome." This reflects the division between the people and the elites during the Roman Republic.

3. Political and Social Changes from Monarchy to Republic (6 - 8 minutes)

   1. Describe the significant political changes from the monarchy to the republic. Explain how under the republic, power was divided amongst various elected officials and assemblies, striving for a balance and preventing one person from holding too much power.
   2. Elaborate how the society's organization shifted, with the division of people into two groups, Patricians and Plebeians. Discuss what roles and powers each group had.
   3. Draw attention to the implementation of the laws of the Twelve Tables as the foundation of Roman Law. Highlight its importance in legal history and its influence on today's legal systems.

4. Impact of Changes to Roman Society and Culture (2 - 3 minutes)

   1. Explain how the changes that came with the republic had a profound effect on Roman society and culture. It allowed for progress in legal rights, military power, and cultural expansions.
   2. Conclude this section by stating that the transition from monarchy to republic was a pivotal point in Rome's history. It not only shaped the Romans' identity but also left a legacy that can still be seen in modern political systems.

Feedback (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Assessment of Acquired Knowledge (5 - 7 minutes)

   1. Distribute a brief quiz that includes questions related to the key dates, events and changes during the shift from monarchy to republic in Rome. The quiz should include both multiple-choice and short answer questions to assess both recall and understanding.
   2. Ask students to share their answers in pairs, promoting discussion and peer learning. This will allow students to compare their understanding and clear any misconceptions.
   3. Review the answers as a class, ensuring students understand the correct responses and the reasoning behind them.

2. Connection to the Real World (3 - 4 minutes)

   1. Encourage students to think about the modern world and how the ancient Roman political system influences today's republics. Ask them to consider how concepts like 'checks and balances' and 'rule of law' have their roots in the Roman Republic.
   2. Prompt students to reflect on the importance of citizen participation in a Republic, drawing parallels with their own experiences and understandings of civic duties in current democratic societies.
   3. Highlight the enduring influence of Roman culture, including architecture, language, and legal systems. Ask students to brainstorm examples of these influences in their local community or country.

3. Student Reflection (2 - 4 minutes)

   1. Ask students to write down the most significant concept they learned during the lesson. Encourage them to explain why they found it significant, how it expanded their understanding of Roman history, or how it connected to their prior knowledge.
   2. Provide time for students to write down any questions they still have about the topic. Assure them that these questions are valuable and will be addressed in the following lessons or in additional resources.
   3. If time permits, conduct a brief, open-ended discussion where students share their reflections and questions. This will promote a learning community where students learn from each other's insights and curiosities.

4. Closing the Lesson (1 minute)

   1. Summarize the main points of the lesson, reinforcing the critical role of the transition from monarchy to republic in shaping Roman history and its enduring global impact.
   2. Preview the next lesson, which will build on today's content by exploring the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. This will help students see the continuity of the learning process and pique their curiosity for the next topic.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Lesson Summary (2 - 3 minutes)

   1. Recap the key points of the lesson, reminding students that Rome was founded in 753 BC and initially ruled by kings. However, dissatisfaction led to the overthrow of the monarchy in 509 BC, and a unique system of governance, the republic, was established.
   2. Reinforce the significant political and social changes that marked this transition. Remind students about the division of people into Patricians and Plebeians, the establishment of the Twelve Tables, and how power was divided to prevent any one person from gaining too much.
   3. Reiterate that these changes had a profound impact on Roman society and culture, influencing law, military, and cultural expansions.

2. Connecting Theory, Practice, and Applications (2 - 3 minutes)

   1. Highlight how the lesson connected theory (historical facts and concepts), practice (analyzing these concepts, participating in discussions, and completing the quiz), and applications (connecting ancient Rome to modern political systems and cultural influences).
   2. Emphasize that history is not just about memorizing dates and events, but about understanding the impacts of these events and changes on societies, both in the past and in the present.

3. Suggested Additional Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   1. Recommend students to read more about the various aspects of Roman civilization during the monarchy and the republic, such as the role of women, education, trade, and warfare.
   2. Suggest watching documentaries or historical dramas based on this period, cautioning them to be critical viewers as these sources may not always be historically accurate.
   3. Encourage students to explore online resources like virtual tours of ancient Roman sites or interactive timelines to enhance their understanding of the topic.

4. Connection to Everyday Life (1 - 2 minutes)

   1. Point out how understanding the transition from monarchy to republic in ancient Rome can help them understand the political systems of many countries today, including the concept of a republic, the division of power, and the rule of law.
   2. Highlight that the legacy of Roman culture, from the language (Latin roots in English and Romance languages) to architecture (columns, domes, and the use of concrete), is all around us.
   3. Conclude by stating that learning about ancient Rome is not just about understanding the past, but also about understanding our present and how we have been shaped by these historical events and cultures.