Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe:

   • Students should be able to identify and understand the main territorial conflicts involving these two continents.
   • They should recognize the importance of these conflicts in world geopolitics.

2. Analyzing the causes and consequences of territorial conflicts:

   • Students should be able to identify the main causes that led to these conflicts and the consequences that followed.
   • They should be able to critically analyze the implications of such conflicts in the present day.

3. Developing critical thinking and analytical skills:

   • Throughout the lesson, students will be encouraged to develop their critical thinking and analytical skills when analyzing territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe.
   • They should be able to form their own opinions and arguments based on the knowledge acquired.

Secondary Objectives:

• Encouraging active participation and debate in the classroom:

  • In addition to acquiring knowledge, students should be encouraged to actively participate in the class, sharing their ideas and opinions, and debating on the topic.

• Promoting research and autonomous learning:

  • The lesson should encourage students to seek additional information on the subject, promoting research and autonomous learning.
  • They should be able to use these skills to deepen their understanding of the territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe.

The teacher should emphasize that the main objective of the lesson is not only to provide information about the conflicts but also to develop students' ability to critically analyze these issues and form their own opinions.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous contents:

   • The teacher should start the lesson by briefly reviewing the concepts of geopolitics and territorial conflicts that were addressed in previous classes.
   • This can be done through direct questions to the students, encouraging them to recall and deepen their understanding of these concepts.

2. Suggestion of problem situations:

   • The teacher can propose two situations to arouse students' interest and engage them in the lesson's topic:
     1. The first situation may involve the territorial dispute between Russia (part of Asia and Europe) and Ukraine, which has intensified in the last decade. The teacher can ask: "Why are Russia and Ukraine in conflict? How does the territorial issue contribute to this conflict?"
     2. The second situation may involve the issue of Gibraltar, a British overseas territory at the tip of the Iberian Peninsula, whose sovereignty is disputed by Spain. The teacher can ask: "How does the territorial issue of Gibraltar affect the relations between Spain and the United Kingdom? What are the geopolitical implications of this conflict?"

3. Contextualization of the subject's importance:

   • The teacher should then explain the importance of studying territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe.
   • He/she may mention that these conflicts have significant implications in world geopolitics, affecting relations between countries and international security.
   • Additionally, the teacher can highlight how understanding these conflicts can help students better understand current news and discussions on international issues.

4. Introduction to the topic:

   • To capture students' attention, the teacher can share some curiosities or interesting facts about territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe. For example:
     1. "Did you know that Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of geographical area and spans two continents, Asia and Europe? This makes Russia a unique example of a country involved in territorial conflicts between continents."
     2. "Have you heard of Kaliningrad? It is a small region of Russia, located between Poland and Lithuania, but is not physically connected to the rest of Russia. This creates a series of interesting geopolitical challenges."

5. Lesson Objectives:

   • Finally, the teacher should present the lesson's learning objectives, as described in the Objectives stage. He/she should make it clear that by the end of the lesson, students should be able to understand the territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe, analyze their causes and consequences, and develop critical thinking and analytical skills.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory Presentation (10 - 12 minutes):

   • Definition of Borders and Territorial Conflicts (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should start by explaining the concept of borders and their importance in geopolitics. He/she should clarify that borders are a social construct that defines a country's territory and that territorial conflicts arise when two or more countries dispute the possession of a certain area.
   • Territorial Conflicts between Asia and Europe: Russia and Ukraine (4 - 5 minutes): The teacher should then present the territorial conflict between Russia and Ukraine as a case study. He/she should explain that Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, leading to a major crisis with Ukraine and the imposition of sanctions by the European Union and the United States. The teacher should discuss the causes and consequences of this conflict, including the issue of ethnic and linguistic identity in Ukraine and the geopolitical importance of Crimea to Russia.
   • Territorial Conflicts between Asia and Europe: Gibraltar (3 - 4 minutes): Next, the teacher should present the territorial dispute of Gibraltar between Spain and the United Kingdom. He/she should explain that Gibraltar is a British overseas territory, but Spain claims sovereignty. The teacher should discuss the causes and consequences of this conflict, including the issue of nationalism and the strategic importance of Gibraltar.
   • Other Relevant Territorial Conflicts (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher may briefly mention other territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe, such as the issue of Kaliningrad and the dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh between Armenia and Azerbaijan. He/she should highlight how these conflicts illustrate the complexities of geopolitics in the region.

2. Group Discussion (5 - 7 minutes):

   • After the theory presentation, the teacher should divide the class into small groups and assign each group one of the presented territorial conflicts to discuss.
   • Students should analyze the causes and consequences of the conflict, considering political, cultural, economic, and strategic aspects.
   • They should also discuss possible solutions to the conflict and the implications of these solutions.
   • The teacher should move around the room, listening to the discussions, clarifying doubts, and stimulating critical thinking.

3. Presentation of Discussions (3 - 4 minutes):

   • After the discussion, each group should present a summary of their conclusions to the class.
   • The teacher should facilitate the discussion by asking questions that encourage reflection and debate.
   • He/she should emphasize the importance of understanding territorial conflicts for forming an informed opinion on international issues.

4. Relation to the Real World (2 - 3 minutes):

   • Finally, the teacher should relate what was discussed in the classroom to real-life situations.
   • He/she can mention current news about territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe and ask students how what they learned can help them understand these news.
   • The teacher should encourage students to continue researching the subject and reflect on the geopolitical implications of territorial conflicts.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Lesson Summary (3 - 4 minutes):

   • The teacher should start the Return by giving a brief summary of the main points discussed during the lesson.
   • He/she should remind students of the territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe that were addressed, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the dispute over Gibraltar.
   • The teacher should highlight the causes and consequences of these conflicts, as well as their importance in world geopolitics.
   • He/she should also reiterate the lesson's learning objectives and ask students if they feel confident about these objectives.

2. Connection between Theory and Practice (2 - 3 minutes):

   • Next, the teacher should explain how the lesson connected theory, practice, and the application of knowledge.
   • He/she should emphasize that the group discussion allowed students to apply theoretical concepts about territorial conflicts to real-life situations.
   • The teacher should also highlight how the critical analysis of conflicts helped students develop their critical thinking and analytical skills.

3. Reflection on Learning (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher should then ask students to reflect on what they learned during the lesson.
   • He/she can ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?"
   • The teacher should give students time to think and then ask some of them to share their answers.
   • He/she should encourage students to express their opinions and ask questions, ensuring that everyone feels comfortable participating.

4. Recommendations for Additional Study (1 minute):

   • Finally, the teacher should suggest additional study materials for students who wish to deepen their understanding of territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe.
   • He/she can recommend books, articles, documentaries, and reliable websites that address the topic.
   • The teacher should also remind students that they can contact him/her if they have any questions or want to discuss more about the subject.

This is the final moment of the lesson, but the teacher should reinforce that learning is a continuous process and encourage students to continue exploring the topic outside the classroom. He/she should also remind students that understanding territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe is not only important for the geography discipline but also for the formation of informed and engaged global citizens.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher should start the Conclusion by summarizing the main points covered during the lesson.
   • He/she should recap the territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe that were discussed, such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the dispute over Gibraltar.
   • The teacher should recall the causes and consequences of these conflicts and their importance in world geopolitics.
   • He/she should also emphasize the development of students' critical thinking and analytical skills when analyzing these conflicts.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes):

   • Next, the teacher should explain how the lesson connected theory, practice, and the application of knowledge.
   • He/she should highlight how the group discussion allowed students to apply theoretical concepts about territorial conflicts to real situations.
   • The teacher should also emphasize how the critical analysis of conflicts helps to better understand current news and discussions on international issues.

3. Additional Materials (1 minute):

   • The teacher should then suggest additional study materials for students who wish to deepen their understanding of territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe.
   • He/she can recommend books, articles, documentaries, and reliable websites that address the topic.
   • The teacher should remind students that they can contact him/her if they have any questions or want to discuss more about the subject.

4. Relevance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes):

   • Finally, the teacher should emphasize the importance of studying territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe for students' daily lives.
   • He/she can mention how these conflicts affect world geopolitics, relations between countries, and international security.
   • The teacher should encourage students to continue reflecting on the subject and applying what they have learned in their lives as global citizens.

The teacher should end the lesson by reinforcing that learning is a continuous process and that understanding territorial conflicts between Asia and Europe is a valuable skill that students can apply in many aspects of their lives. He/she should also remind students that the pursuit of knowledge and understanding is an exciting and rewarding journey worth pursuing.