Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. General Understanding of World War II: The teacher should ensure that students have an overview of the conflict, including the main causes, the parties involved, and the key events that led to the unfolding of the war. This can be done through a brief historical review and classroom discussions.

2. Development of Analytical Skills: The teacher should encourage students to analyze and question the information presented, developing their critical thinking skills. This can be done through group discussion activities, where students are encouraged to share their opinions and ideas.

3. In-depth Exploration of Specific Topics: The teacher should guide students to explore specific topics within the context of World War II. This can be done through reading additional texts, watching related documentaries or films, and participating in research projects.

   Secondary objectives:

   • Improve research and synthesis skills: The teacher should encourage students to seek information beyond the content presented in the classroom, helping them develop their research and synthesis skills.

   • Foster autonomous learning: The teacher should encourage students to become autonomous learners, encouraging them to take responsibility for their own learning and seek opportunities to expand their knowledge beyond the curriculum content.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson with a quick review of the historical events that led to the beginning of World War II. This may include World War I, the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of totalitarian regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the territorial expansion of these countries. This review can be conducted through a brief lecture, classroom discussion, or even a quiz game to engage students. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Contextualization of the Topic: The teacher should then contextualize the importance of studying World War II, highlighting how this conflict had a significant impact on the world, shaping political and social boundaries, and influencing international relations to this day. For example, the formation of the UN, the Cold War, and the beginning of the space race can be mentioned as direct consequences of World War II. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Problem Situations: To spark students' interest, the teacher can present two problem situations related to the lesson's theme. For example, "Why is World War II considered a global war, despite most of the fighting occurring in Europe?" and "How did World War II affect the lives of ordinary people in different parts of the world?" These questions will serve as the basis for group discussion activities during the lesson. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the Topic: Finally, the teacher should formally introduce the topic of World War II, explaining that today's lesson will focus on deepening students' understanding of this conflict, its causes, and consequences. It can also be mentioned that students will have the opportunity to explore specific topics of their interest through practical and research activities. (1 - 2 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Role-Playing Activity - Yalta Peace Conference (10 - 12 minutes)

   1.1. Group Division: The teacher should divide the class into three groups, each representing one of the Allied powers (United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union) at the Yalta Peace Conference held in February 1945. Each group should include a leader (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) and an equal number of advisors.

   1.2. Activity Preparation: Each group will receive an information packet containing the main discussion points of the conference, including the division of Germany into occupation zones, the issue of war reparations, and the formation of the UN. Students will have a few minutes to review the information and prepare their arguments.

   1.3. Conference Simulation: The groups should now simulate the Yalta Peace Conference, discussing the points of conflict and trying to reach an agreement. The teacher should act as a moderator, ensuring that all students have the opportunity to speak and keeping the discussion focused.

   1.4. Final Reflection: After the simulation, the groups should reflect on what they learned and how the Yalta Peace Conference influenced the post-war period. Each group should prepare a brief presentation to share their conclusions with the class.

2. Research Activity - Life During World War II (10 - 12 minutes)

   2.1. Group Definition: The teacher should divide the class into groups of five students, and each group will receive a specific topic to research. Topics may include life on the battlefields, the life of women during the war, the experience of prisoners of war, life in occupied countries, and life in neutral countries.

   2.2. Group Research: Each group should research their topic using available resources (textbooks, internet, etc.). The teacher should circulate around the room, offering guidance and clarifying doubts.

   2.3. Presentation Preparation: After the groups complete their research, they should prepare a brief presentation to share their findings with the class. Presentations should include information about living conditions, challenges faced, and changes that occurred during the war.

   2.4. Presentation and Discussion: Each group should then present their findings to the class. After each presentation, the teacher should facilitate a brief discussion, allowing other students to ask questions and share their own ideas and experiences related to the topic.

3. Game Activity - The Race to Berlin (5 - 7 minutes)

   3.1. Game Definition: The teacher should explain that students will participate in a board game based on the race of Allied forces to capture Berlin at the end of the war. The board should be a map of Europe, with markers representing Allied and Axis forces.

   3.2. Game Rules: The teacher should explain the game rules, which should include moving pieces based on event cards, combat between forces, and capturing cities. Students should understand that the goal of the game is to capture Berlin as quickly as possible.

   3.3. Playing the Game: Students should then play the game in groups of three or four. The teacher should circulate around the room, helping to resolve disputes, answering questions, and ensuring that all students are engaged in the game.

   3.4. Post-Game Discussion: After the game, the teacher should facilitate a discussion about the strategies used by the groups and the lessons that can be learned about the nature of war and the challenges faced by soldiers during World War II.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion: The teacher should gather all students and promote a group discussion about the conclusions and learnings obtained by each group during the Role-Playing, Research, and Game activities. Each group should have the opportunity to briefly share their main ideas and findings. The teacher should facilitate the discussion, asking targeted questions to deepen students' understanding of the discussed topics. (3 - 4 minutes)

2. Connection with Theory: The teacher should then make the connection between the practical activities carried out and the studied theory. For example, in the Yalta Peace Conference activity, students had the opportunity to experience the complexities of diplomacy and the difficulties of reaching an agreement in a global conflict. In the Research activity, students could explore in more depth the life during World War II and better understand the impact of this conflict on ordinary people. In the Game, students could experience, in a playful way, the difficulties and challenges faced by Allied forces in the race to capture Berlin. The teacher should emphasize how these activities contributed to students' understanding of World War II and how they reflected the lesson's learning objectives. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Individual Reflection: Finally, the teacher should propose that students individually reflect on what they learned in the lesson. The teacher can ask questions such as: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions remain unanswered?" Students should be encouraged to write down their answers and share them if they feel comfortable. This individual reflection activity will help students consolidate what they learned and identify any gaps in their understanding that may need to be addressed in future lessons. (2 - 3 minutes)

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Content: The teacher should recap the main points covered during the lesson, reminding students about the causes and consequences of World War II, as well as the key events and figures associated with the conflict. This recap can be done interactively, asking students to share what they remember and what they consider most important. (1 - 2 minutes)

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications: The teacher should emphasize how the lesson connected theory (historical knowledge), practice (role-playing, research, and game activities), and applications (understanding the impact of the war on people's lives). The teacher can explain how understanding historical events can be enhanced through active student engagement in practical activities, and how this understanding can be applied to better understand the current world. (1 - 2 minutes)

3. Extra Study Materials: The teacher should suggest materials for additional study, such as documentaries, films, books, and websites, that can help students deepen their understanding of World War II. For example, the teacher can recommend the film "Saving Private Ryan" for a dramatic view of life on the battlefields, or the book "The Diary of Anne Frank" for an intimate perspective of life during the war. This list of materials can be shared with students through the school's learning management system or in a post-lesson email. (1 - 2 minutes)

4. Importance of the Subject for Daily Life: Finally, the teacher should explain how the subject studied is relevant to students' daily lives. For example, the teacher can discuss how World War II shaped the world we live in today, influencing international policies, the global economy, and human rights. The teacher can also highlight the importance of learning from history to avoid repeating conflicts and atrocities. This discussion will help students understand the relevance and importance of what they learned in the lesson. (1 - 2 minutes)