Question bank: Earth: Formation of the Continents: Review

The theory of continental drift, proposed by Alfred Wegener, suggests that the current continents were once joined in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. The main evidence supporting this theory includes the fit of the continents, fossils of similar animals and plants on different continents, similar geological formations, and studies of paleoclimate. The formation of continents impacted political, economic, and social dynamics throughout human history, allowing the development of distinct cultures and civilizations, influencing trade and political relations, and affecting the distribution of animal and plant species. Continental drift also influenced human migration and dispersal across the planet, leading to greater cultural and ethnic diversity. Therefore, the theory of continental drift is essential for understanding the formation of continents, the dynamics of Earth's surface transformation, and its impact on human history.

The theory of Continental Drift, proposed by the German geographer and meteorologist Alfred Wegener, states that all continents were once joined in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. Over millions of years, the continents separated and reached their current positions. What is the main mechanism that promoted the separation of the continents?

The movement of tectonic plates is responsible for continental drift, which can be divided into two types: divergent and convergent. The first one happens when the plates move away from each other, while the second occurs when they approach each other. Which of these two forms of continental drift is responsible for the formation of the Andes?

According to the French geographer Élisée Reclus, in his book 'The Earth: description of phenomena of the globe', the Earth is composed of various layers and elements that together form the planet we know today. Each layer and each element has a specific function and relates to the others in complex and intricate ways. Considering the relationship between climate patterns, types of soil, relief, and vegetation formations, how have these elements influenced and continue to influence the formation and transformation of planet Earth?