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Question about Organic Functions: Hydrocarbons

Subject Chemistry

Chemistry

Source Originais Teachy

Originais Teachy

Topic Organic Functions: Hydrocarbons

Organic Functions: Hydrocarbons

Difficulty Medium

Medium

(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Medium of Chemistry

Hydrocarbons are organic chemical compounds consisting exclusively of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are the structural basis of many substances of interest in Organic Chemistry. Among aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkanes and alkenes are widely used in the industry, each with their own distinct properties and reactivities. Suppose a chemist wants to carry out an addition reaction on a hydrophobic compound to introduce a hydroxyl group (-OH) at a specific position in the carbon chain, without altering the aliphatic nature of the hydrocarbon. Based on your knowledge of hydrocarbons and their reactivities, how could the chemist plan this chemical transformation?

To hydroxylate an aliphatic hydrocarbon, simply subject the compound to alkaline hydrolysis, where a strong base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) reacts with the hydrocarbon to form alcohols and salts.

To introduce a hydroxyl group (-OH) at a specific position in the carbon chain of an aliphatic hydrocarbon compound, the chemist should carry out a catalytic hydroxylation reaction using a metal such as cobalt or manganese supported on silica, alumina, or activated carbon, under high oxygen (O2) pressure and at a high temperature (150-200 °C).

To add a hydroxyl group (-OH) to an aliphatic hydrocarbon, it is sufficient to carry out a mild oxidation reaction using reagents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in aqueous solution.

The selective addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to an aliphatic hydrocarbon without altering the aliphatic nature of the compound can be achieved through a dehydration reaction, where the hydrocarbon is heated in the presence of a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), to remove water molecules and form the corresponding alkene.

The modification of an aliphatic hydrocarbon to introduce a hydroxyl group can be done through a nucleophilic substitution reaction, using a nucleophile such as OH- in a basic medium to exchange a hydrogen of the alkane or alkenes for a hydroxyl group.

Answer sheet:

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