(Fundação de Estudos Inaciana 2011) - Question Medium of History

During the Late Antiquity period, the Western Roman Empire faced a series of challenges that culminated in its fall, leaving a legacy of conflicts and transformations for the medieval period. Contemporary historians point out that the complex relationship with the barbarian peoples not only reflected the military and economic pressure on the empire but also evidenced the social and cultural transformation that accompanied the expansion of Christianity. In 'The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,' Edward Gibbon highlights: 'the introduction of Christianity had ambiguous effects on Roman life and was one of the main causes of the Empire's decline.' Considering the presented context and the interdisciplinarity between History and Philosophy, and reflecting on the influence of Christian thought in Western Roman society and the determining factors for the empire's fall, analyze the following excerpt from Saint Augustine, one of the main exponents of Christian thought at the time: 'The City of God must oppose the City of Men, and what is praiseworthy in the city opposes what is condemnable in the City of Men.' Based on Augustinian thought and historical knowledge about the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, discuss how the advancement of Christianity and Augustine's dualistic interpretation contributed to the perception of crisis within Roman society and to the redefinition of cultural and territorial boundaries in the transition period to the Middle Ages.

Ancient Egyptians developed a hierarchical system to organize their society, which was divided into three main classes: priests, nobles, and commoners. The nobles were responsible for managing royal properties and overseeing public services, priests were responsible for religious worship, while commoners were responsible for manual labor and agricultural activities. Who had the right to vote on political decisions in society?

During the Renaissance, Humanism contributed to the development of new ways of thinking and acting in European society, based on Classical Antiquity. Among the main contributions of Humanism is: