(Originais Teachy 2024) - Question Hard of History

During the 20th century, totalitarian regimes emerged in Europe, imposing strict control over society and state institutions. Francoism in Spain, established after the Spanish Civil War, and Salazarism in Portugal, arising from a military dictatorship, are notable examples. These regimes were characterized by their authoritarian policies, systematic repression, exacerbated nationalism, and economic self-sufficiency. While Francoism survived its namesake leader, Francisco Franco, Salazarism continued with the Estado Novo even after the death of António de Oliveira Salazar. In 'Memoirs of the Spyglass', historian Gabriel Santos reflects on the nature of these regimes, stating: 'Personalistic power and strong political centralization were indelible marks, challenging even the natural course of democratic transitions that occurred in other European countries in the post-war period.' (Santos, 1995, p. 112). Based on the presented context and Santos' quote, write an essay discussing: (1) The main characteristics and mechanisms of legitimization of Francoism and Salazarism, as well as their similarities and differences in the exercise of power; (2) Critically evaluate Gabriel Santos' statement, considering the challenges and consequences of the democratic transitions faced by Spain and Portugal after the end of these regimes. In your essay, incorporate analyses of primary sources, if any, and examples of policies and practices adopted by these regimes to sustain their power bases.