(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of History

URCA/2012.2 - The Enlightenment had as its main characteristic the use of reason as the basic principle for the understanding of all phenomena. The so-called philosophers of the Enlightenment questioned the monarchy of divine origin and stated that the basis of social and political organization was in individualism. Relate the precursors of the Enlightenment movement to their main ideas. I. Isaac Newton II. Immanuel Kant III. René Descartes IV. John Locke ( ) Author of the phrase 'I think, therefore I am,' created the deductive method. Initiator of the movement known as rationalism. His main work was 'Discourse on the Method.' ( ) Wrote the book Second Treatise of Government: An Essay concerning the true original, extent, and end of Civil Government, in which he criticized despotic power and stated that the State and politics should exist to provide men with a better society to live in. ( ) Studied the laws of the Universe that governed the physical world, such as gravity or inertia. Defended the thesis that the universe was not static, but in continuous motion, with science being responsible for researching and describing the physical laws that governed it. ( ) Considered the last great philosopher of the principles of the modern era. He wrote, among other works, the Critique of Practical Reason, in which he discusses the principles of moral action, human action in relation to others, and the pursuit of happiness. The correct sequence is:

During the period known as the 'Revolution of the Modern States', the political fragmentation characteristic of the Middle Ages gave way to centralized structures of power, with monarchs emerging as unifying figures of increasingly defined nations. This process not only reconfigured the political map of Europe but also deeply impacted social and economic organization, transforming the relationship between rulers and the ruled. In 'The Foundations of Power and Wealth', historian Norman Davies states that 'The emergence of modern states was not only the result of political and military forces, but also reflected a change in mentalities and methods of governance.' Considering the context presented and Davies' quote, develop a discursive essay addressing the following points: 1) Explain how the formation of European nation-states altered power dynamics and the political organization of the continent. 2) Discuss the social implications and the new governance paradigm that emerged with the centralization of power in the hands of monarchs and the transition to a more 'national' government.

Read the text to answer the question. Trump signs decree changing American policy with Cuba. São Paulo and Washington - President Donald Trump defended the economic embargo of the United States against Cuba and conditioned advances in the bilateral relationship to political changes on the island towards free elections, release of political prisoners, and respect for freedom of expression. 'I am canceling the completely unilateral agreement of the last administration with Cuba,' he declared in a speech held this Friday, 16, in Miami. Despite the statement, Trump only reviewed specific issues of the policy announced by Barack Obama on December 17, 2014. The changes end the possibility of individual trips to the island and prohibit spending in tourist establishments controlled by the Army and by the country's intelligence and security sectors. 'Profits from tourism went directly to the armed forces,' he said. In addition to reversing these points, the major transformation was in tone and in signaling the future of the bilateral relationship. While Obama advocated for lifting the embargo, Trump promised to reinforce it. The rhetorical aggressiveness against the government of Raúl Castro also indicates a slowdown in the pace of normalization of bilateral relations. One of the objectives of the new agreement, explained Trump, is to ensure that the Cuban population benefits directly. However, the American president sought to emphasize that 'atrocities' committed since the beginning of the Castro brothers' regime will not be tolerated and insinuated that the government of Barack Obama neglected the practice of crimes against the island's population. <http://tinyurl.com/y8ol93q4> Accessed on: 06/17/2017. Adapted.

Restoration is the name of the regime established in France for fifteen years, from 1815 to 1830, but this denomination applies to all of Europe. It is multiple and applies to all aspects of social and political life.