(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Hard of History

The ancient kingdoms of Kush, Axum, and Ghana were pivotal in shaping the history of Africa during ancient and medieval times, each bringing its own unique attributes and impact on trade routes and political affairs in the region. The Kingdom of Kush is especially notable for its relationship with Egypt and its expertise in metallurgy. Meanwhile, Axum functioned as a key trade hub that linked the Roman Empire with the East. Ghana, on the other hand, was renowned for its immense wealth in gold and its advanced political organisation. With this background in mind, which of the following options best illustrates how these kingdoms shaped international trade relations in ancient times and the Middle Ages?

Between the 7th and 8th centuries, Islam emerged and swiftly spread from the Arabian Peninsula, propelled by military campaigns and the growth of a new faith. This expansion led to the establishment of a vast empire that spanned from India to southern Europe. A key event during this period was the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD, spearheaded by Tariq ibn Ziyad. Given the far-reaching effects of this expansion, how did the Islamic conquest shape culture and society in the Iberian Peninsula during the era of Muslim governance?