(UEPA 2009) - Question Medium of History

The ancient kingdoms of Kush, Axum, and Ghana were pivotal in shaping the history of Africa during ancient and medieval times, each bringing its own unique attributes and impact on trade routes and political affairs in the region. The Kingdom of Kush is especially notable for its relationship with Egypt and its expertise in metallurgy. Meanwhile, Axum functioned as a key trade hub that linked the Roman Empire with the East. Ghana, on the other hand, was renowned for its immense wealth in gold and its advanced political organisation. With this background in mind, which of the following options best illustrates how these kingdoms shaped international trade relations in ancient times and the Middle Ages?

In the early days of Ancient Greece, various groups had a significant impact on the culture, social structures, and political systems that emerged in the area. The Cretans, Achaeans, Ionians, Aeolians, and Dorians were among the peoples who, during different times and with unique contributions, shaped what would eventually be known as Greek civilization. When looking at the characteristics and influences of each of these groups, which one played a more crucial role in the shift to the archaic period, particularly in terms of establishing city-states (poleis) and the political framework that defined classical Greece?