(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Very Easy of History

Question 56. To answer the question, read the following text: "(...) has 46 kilometers in length by six to ten in width, next to the Mediterranean. (...) 1,200,000 Palestinians live in almost 60% of the territory. It is one of the most densely populated regions in the world. Israel controls 62% of the lands, including the colonies, military bases, and buffer zones, but Israeli settlers number only six thousand, representing just 5% of the population (...). Of every four inhabitants (...), three are refugees, expelled from their homes in 1948 by the Israelis, or descendants of these expelled Palestinians." (DERRIDA, J. et. all. Journey to Palestine. Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 2004, p. 150). Based on the described characteristics, the area mentioned in the text corresponds to:

In a large number of countries and regions around the world, the 60s were characterized by the development of new forms of political expression and new social movements. The protagonists of these movements were diverse, but they had a common and initially surprising trait for many: they came from social groups different from those populating the worker, socialist, or communist movements of the 'Old Left'. They also had very different interests and demands from previous revolutionary movements. Whether they were young Germans fighting against aspects of their country's fascist past, French students in revolt against authoritarian aspects of French universities, or young Americans opposed to the Vietnam War, these people had a vision of total social transformation, but very different from the one centered on seizing state power or appropriating the means of production by the industrial proletariat, through the action of political parties acting on behalf of others. It could be the 'last great utopia', as many claim, but they stood out for a vision of transformation that, instead of subjugating the individual to the collectivity (as brutally happened in countries under Stalinist regime), started from the transformation of the individual and everyday social relations to dream and establish new forms of anti-hierarchical and anti-bureaucratic collective organization.

The Cuban Revolution, led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, resulted in the overthrow of dictator Fulgencio Batista's regime and the establishment of a socialist government in Cuba. Considering the context and outcomes of the Cuban Revolution, what motivated the main leaders of the movement to promote the revolution?

During the period known as the 'Revolution of the Modern States', the political fragmentation characteristic of the Middle Ages gave way to centralized structures of power, with monarchs emerging as unifying figures of increasingly defined nations. This process not only reconfigured the political map of Europe but also deeply impacted social and economic organization, transforming the relationship between rulers and the ruled. In 'The Foundations of Power and Wealth', historian Norman Davies states that 'The emergence of modern states was not only the result of political and military forces, but also reflected a change in mentalities and methods of governance.' Considering the context presented and Davies' quote, develop a discursive essay addressing the following points: 1) Explain how the formation of European nation-states altered power dynamics and the political organization of the continent. 2) Discuss the social implications and the new governance paradigm that emerged with the centralization of power in the hands of monarchs and the transition to a more 'national' government.