(Originais Teachy 2023) - Question Medium of Sociology

Rua Preciados, six in the evening. In the distance, the human mass that fills Puerta Del Sol Square in Madrid rises. A group of girls, upon seeing the scene, runs towards the crowd. Thousands of people make the slogan resonate: 'Not us, not us, do not represent us'. A boy speaks through the megaphone: 'We demand to submit the bank bailout to a referendum'. RODRÍGUEZ, The Puerta Del Sol, the great speaker. Brasil de Fato, São Paulo, May 26 - June 1, 2011. Adapted. In 2011, the camp of the Spanish Indignados expressed all the political discontent of European youth. What proposal synthesizes the set of political demands of these young people?

Social inequality is a phenomenon that manifests itself in various dimensions of life in society, including unequal access to resources, opportunities, and rights. In the Brazilian context, analysts often identify inequality as one of the main challenges for the consolidation of a fairer and more equitable society. According to IBGE data, in 2020, the average monthly income of the top 10% was about 20 times higher than the income of the bottom 40%. Based on this scenario and knowledge about social stratification and inequality, evaluate the following statements:

The idea that the culture of a society is intrinsically linked to its ideological and political structures is central to the understanding of social phenomena. This interconnection has been discussed by various philosophers and sociologists throughout history, who sought to understand how the beliefs and values of a society influence and are influenced by its historical and political context. Karl Marx, for example, argued that the dominant ideology in any society is the ideology of the ruling classes. He wrote: 'The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e., the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.' (Karl Marx, 'The German Ideology'). Based on this understanding, analyze the relationship between ideology and culture in contemporary society and discuss how this dynamic can be observed in the interaction between politics and cultural production.

The concept of the modern State emerged in Europe during the transition from feudalism to capitalism, consolidating with the Peace of Westphalia treaties of 1648. Considering the political, economic, and social transformations that occurred during this period, explain (1) the importance of the State in the consolidation of centralized power, (2) how the relations between the State and society changed in this process, and (3) discuss the ethical foundations that support the modern State and its role in the formation of ethical subjects.