MEASUREMENT UNITS: TEMPERATURE

INTRODUCTION

The Relevance of the Topic

• Connection with Everyday Life: Our health's thermometer, the weather outside, the pool water. We measure temperature all the time!
• Daily Decisions: Choosing the right clothes, knowing if we have a fever or even adjusting the stove to cook.
• Foundation for Other Concepts: Temperature is linked to states of matter, energy, and much more in Mathematics and Sciences.
• Citizenship and Environmental Awareness: Understanding weather forecasts, climate changes, and their relation to the planet's temperature.

Contextualization

• Mathematical Foundation: It is part of Magnitudes and Measures, a basic block of Mathematics in Elementary Education.
• Important Tool: Facilitates the understanding of graphs, tables, and the use of real data in applied mathematics.
• Measurement Units: Each country may use a different one, but here we will focus on Celsius degrees, used in our daily lives.
• Interdisciplinary Connection: Temperature is essential in Science experiments, climatic Geography, and even in Physical Education.

THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT

Components

• What is Temperature?

  • Sensation of hot or cold.
  • Measure of the thermal energy present in an object or environment.
  • Indicator of particle movement: faster = hotter.

• Thermometers

  • Tool to measure temperature.
  • Contains substances that expand with heat (like mercury).
  • Scale marked to indicate temperature.

Key Terms

• Celsius Degree (°C)

  • Temperature measurement unit used in Brazil.
  • Water freezing point: 0°C.
  • Water boiling point: 100°C.
  • Named after Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer.

• Thermometric Scale

  • Sequence of marks on a thermometer.
  • Represents different temperatures.
  • Helps to compare hot and cold, using numbers.

Examples and Cases

• Checking Fever

  • Thermometer placed on the forehead or mouth.
  • Normal is about 36°C to 37°C.
  • Fever is when it is above 37.8°C.
  • Shows our body hotter than normal, indicating possible illness.

• Sunny Day versus Cloudy Day

  • Outdoor thermometer.
  • On a sunny day, temperature can exceed 30°C.
  • On a cloudy day, temperature may be around 20°C.
  • The difference in thermal energy received from the sun is noticeable.

• Freezing and Melting

  • Water in the freezer is at 0°C and turns into ice.
  • Ice outdoors, if the temperature is above 0°C, begins to melt.
  • Shows change of state of matter according to temperature.

Practical Application

• Cooking Food

  • Adjusting the temperature on the stove.
  • Foods cook at different temperatures.
  • Temperature control is crucial for the outcome of the dish.

• Weather Forecast

  • Informs the expected temperature during the day.
  • Helps to decide what type of clothing to wear.
  • Talks about the behavior of the weather.

Reminder: "Every degree counts!" – A simple degree can change solid water to liquid and tell us if we are in good health!---

DETAILED SUMMARY

Relevant Points

• Sensation and Science: Temperature is the sensation of hot or cold, but also a scientific measure of thermal energy.
• Thermometer: An essential tool that uses a scale to show temperature.
• Celsius Degree: The measurement unit we use in Brazil. Remember: 0°C is where water freezes and 100°C is where it boils!
• Thermometric Scale: The marks on the thermometer that help us read the temperature.
• Body Temperature: A way to check our health. Normally, it is between 36°C and 37°C.
• Weather: Temperature affects our day. A hot sunny day can exceed 30°C, while a cloudy one stays around 20°C.
• States of Matter: Water freezes at 0°C and melts above this temperature, showing how heat affects things.

Conclusions

• Temperature is Measured: It's not just a sensation, temperature has a concrete measurement unit, the Celsius degree.
• Thermometer is Key: With it, we can measure temperature accurately.
• Small Differences, Big Effects: A change of just one degree can mean a lot, from the state of water to our health.
• Temperature in Everyday Life: We use the notion of temperature to cook, choose clothes, and understand the weather.

Exercises

1. What is Hot?: Draw a thermometer and mark the temperatures: 0°C, 25°C, and 100°C. Color the area that represents warm temperature.
2. Dressing for the Weather: Say what clothes you would choose for a day that is 15°C and another that is 30°C. Explain why.
3. Water Transformation: Make a list of three states of water (liquid, solid, gaseous) and write next to it the temperature at which each usually occurs.

Reminder: "Every degree counts!" – Even a small difference in temperature can make big changes happen!