Summary Tradisional | American Independence Review

Contextualization

To appreciate how English America secured its independence, it is important to delve into the historical setting of the late 18th century. During this period, the Thirteen Colonies of North America were under British governance, and mounting resentment over taxes imposed without any local representation in Parliament was evident. The American Revolution (1775-1783) marked a turning point, heavily influenced by Enlightenment thoughts that championed freedom, equality, and natural rights. Inspired by thinkers such as John Locke, the American colonists gradually began to question British authority and push for self-governance, culminating in the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

The widespread discontent with British policies brought the colonists together under a common cause. The cry of 'No taxation without representation' resonated deeply, echoing their demand for justice and fair treatment. The Declaration, primarily penned by Thomas Jefferson along with contributions from leaders like Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, not only formalised the break from the United Kingdom but also laid down the ideological groundwork based on equality and inherent rights.

To Remember!

Causes of Independence

The drive towards independence in the Thirteen Colonies was spurred by various factors, with one of the most significant being the heavy tax burden imposed by the United Kingdom. Laws such as the Stamp Act and the Tea Act brought about widespread dissatisfaction among the colonists, who felt that they were being economically exploited and denied their basic rights. The popular slogan 'No taxation without representation' encapsulated their frustration. In addition, the progressive ideas of the Enlightenment reinforced beliefs in freedom, equality, and natural rights, encouraging the colonists to challenge British authority and demand political autonomy.

• Heavy tax impositions by the United Kingdom.

• Lack of representation in the British Parliament.

• Influence of Enlightenment ideas emphasizing freedom and equality.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Proclaimed on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was a defining moment in the quest for self-rule by the American colonies. Mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson, with significant input from Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, the document presented the ideals of equality and unalienable rights including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This declaration not only marked the formal separation from British rule but also established the ideological foundation that would inspire other movements for independence around the world.

• Proclaimed on July 4, 1776.

• Key contributors: Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams.

• Emphasis on equality and unalienable rights.

War of Independence (1775-1783)

The War of Independence was the armed struggle that confirmed the resolve of the Thirteen Colonies to break free from British rule. Beginning in 1775, the conflict saw several pivotal battles, including the turning points at Saratoga and Yorktown, which significantly favoured the colonists' cause. The strategic acumen of leaders like George Washington, coupled with invaluable support from international allies such as France, was instrumental in securing victory.

• Armed conflict spanning from 1775 to 1783.

• Pivotal battles: Saratoga and Yorktown.

• Leadership of George Washington and crucial aid from foreign allies, especially France.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Signed in 1783, the Treaty of Paris officially recognised the independence of the United States, thereby bringing the War of Independence to an end. Among its significant provisions was the acknowledgement of American sovereignty and the establishment of new territorial boundaries extending to the Mississippi River. In addition to addressing matters of economic interests and fishing rights, the treaty outlined the conditions for the withdrawal of British troops. This accord marked the start of a new chapter, enabling the nascent nation to form its own political and social institutions.

• Formal recognition of United States' independence.

• Establishment of American sovereignty and redefined territorial boundaries.

• Clear terms for the withdrawal of British troops.

Impact of Enlightenment Ideas

Enlightenment philosophies had a profound influence on the independence movement in the American colonies, much like how progressive ideals have shaped other historical struggles, including in our own country. Philosophers such as John Locke and Montesquieu advanced the concepts of natural rights, a government that derives its authority from the consent of the governed, and the need for a separation of powers to prevent tyranny. These ideas formed the backbone of the Declaration of Independence and later influenced the development of the United States Constitution, setting a lasting example of democratic governance.

• Influence from Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke and Montesquieu.

• Promotion of natural rights and government by consent.

• Advocacy for the separation of powers to curb tyranny.

Key Terms

• Independence of English America

• Thirteen Colonies

• American Revolution

• Enlightenment

• Declaration of Independence

• War of Independence

• Treaty of Paris

• Territorial Organization

• John Locke

• Montesquieu

• Thomas Jefferson

• Benjamin Franklin

• John Adams

• George Washington

Important Conclusions

The journey to independence for English America was intricate and influenced by a mix of economic, political, and ideological factors. The resentment over taxes without representation, along with the invigorating ideas of the Enlightenment, played a pivotal role in uniting the colonists in their desire for freedom. The Declaration of Independence, whose main architects were visionaries such as Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams, not only severed ties with the United Kingdom but also laid the principles of equality and inalienable rights at its core.

The armed struggle from 1775 to 1783, marked by landmark battles like those at Saratoga and Yorktown and guided by leaders such as George Washington, eventually led to victory—with valuable assistance from international allies like France. The subsequent Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally acknowledged American independence and redefined territorial boundaries, paving the way for the new nation to establish its governance structures.

Moreover, Enlightenment ideas had a lasting impact on shaping the foundations of what would become a modern democratic state. The philosophies of thinkers like John Locke and Montesquieu on natural rights, government by consent, and the separation of powers continue to resonate and provide a blueprint for democratic ideals. Studying this period is essential not only to understand the origins of modern democracies but also to appreciate the universal quest for freedom and equality.

Study Tips

• Review the texts and supporting materials discussed in class, especially the Enlightenment concepts from John Locke and Montesquieu.

• Watch documentaries and educational videos on the American Revolution to visualise the events and get a better grasp of the historical context.

• Take part in group discussions and exercises on the key events, causes, and outcomes of the Thirteen Colonies’ independence to reinforce your understanding.