Introduction

Relevance of the Topic

The study of the Compound Sentence by Subordination is a significant milestone in your journey of understanding the Portuguese language. This topic will allow you to delve into the complex universe of syntactic structuring of the sentence, discovering how ideas connect and relate to each other. Mastery of the compound sentence by subordination will open doors to a more advanced understanding of various contents, such as literary criticism, enhanced essays, and the perception of the Portuguese language in its historical and social context.

Contextualization

Within the broader scope of the Portuguese subject, the Compound Sentence by Subordination stands as one of the essential bridges between basic grammar and more advanced grammar. It acts as the structural bases that support more complex concepts, such as the study of verb agreement, the use of verb tenses and modes, and textual coherence and cohesion. In the 8th grade of Elementary School, you already have a solid knowledge about the Simple Sentence and now you are ready to enter new frontiers of sentence study, which will be explored in depth and richness of detail in this lecture note.

Theoretical Development

Components of the Compound Sentence by Subordination

• Subordinate Clauses: These are those that syntactically depend on another clause, called the main clause. They perform different syntactic functions in the main clause, acting as subject, direct object, indirect object, predicative, nominal complement, adverbial adjunct, among others.

• Causal, Concessive, Conditional, Conformative, and Temporal Propositions: Each of these propositions establishes a subordination relationship with the main clause, contributing to the formation of a broader and more complex meaning in the sentence.

  • Causal: Indicate the reason, the motive why the action expressed in the main clause occurs. Examples: "Since he was late, he ran".

  • Concessive: Express a circumstance that, despite being expected, does not prevent the action in the main clause. Example: "Although it was raining, the game took place".

  • Conditional: Establish a condition for the action in the main clause to take place. Example: "If he studies, he will pass the test".

  • Conformative: Point out the conformity of the action in the subordinate proposition with the action in the main clause. Example: "As the sun set, the sky became more orange".

  • Temporal: Situate the action in the subordinate proposition at a time before, simultaneous with, or after the action of the main clause. Example: "When I arrived, everyone was in the room".

• Integrating Terms and Predicatives of the Subject and Object: These are elements that connect to a noun through a clause to complement its meaning.

  • Integrating Terms: These are those that integrate, complete the meaning of the name. They are subdivided into terms integrating the verb (verbal complement and adverbial adjunct), the name (direct object, indirect object, nominal complement, and adnominal adjunct), and the pronoun (nominal complement and pronominal adjunct).

  • Predicatives of the Subject and Object: Add information, qualities, or states to their respective terms.

Key Terms

• Subordinate Clause: As mentioned, it is a clause that syntactically depends on another (main clause) to be complete.

• Integrating Terms and Predicatives: These are elements that connect to a name (noun, pronoun, adjective, or adverb) through a clause to complement its meaning.

• Adverbial: Classification of subordinate clauses depending on the role they play in the main clause. When they act as adverbial adjuncts, they have the function of expressing circumstances of the action.

Examples and Cases

• Example of Concessive Subordinate Clause: "Although he was tired, he insisted on walking". In this case, the subordinate clause "although he was tired" expresses a circumstance that does not prevent the action of "insisting on walking" in the main clause.

• Example of Conditional Subordinate Clause: "If you study, you will pass the year". Here, the action of "passing the year" in the main clause depends on the condition expressed in the subordinate clause "if you study".

• Example of Predicative of the Subject in a Subordinate Clause: "The city was quiet as if nothing had happened". In this case, "as if nothing had happened" is a concessive adverbial subordinate clause, which acts as a predicative of the subject of the verb "to be" in the main clause.

• Example of Temporal Adverbial in a Subordinate Clause: "When the bell rang, classes started". Here, "when the bell rang" is a temporal adverbial subordinate clause that expresses the moment when the action "classes started" in the main clause occurred.

Detailed Summary

Relevant Points

• Structure of Subordinate Clauses: In the compound sentence by subordination, the clauses are structured hierarchically, with a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses that syntactically depend on the main clause.

• Causal, Concessive, Conditional, Conformative, and Temporal Propositions: Subordinate clauses can express different ideas, such as cause, concession, condition, conformity, and time. Each of these ideas is expressed through a specific type of subordinate clause.

• Integrating Terms and Predicatives: Subordinate clauses can act as integrating terms (of the verb, the name, and the pronoun) or as predicatives of the subject and object, contributing to the understanding and enrichment of the sentence's meaning.

• Identification of Subordinate Clauses and Their Functions: To properly understand the compound sentence by subordination, it is essential to correctly identify the subordinate clauses and their functions in the sentence.

• Mastery of Specialized Vocabulary: The acquisition and correct use of technical terms (subordinate clause, integrating term, predicative, etc.) are essential for understanding and effective communication in the study of the compound sentence by subordination.

• Practical and Contextualized Examples: Through practical and varied examples, it was possible to explore the different facets of the compound sentence by subordination, from the different functions of subordinate clauses to the performance of integrating terms and predicatives.

Conclusions

• Integration of Clauses: In the compound sentence by subordination, the clauses integrate to form a coherent and cohesive whole, with each clause contributing uniquely to the construction of meaning.

• Complex Syntactic Structure: The study of the compound sentence by subordination reveals the complexity and flexibility of the syntactic structure of the Portuguese language, with various possible ways to express ideas and relationships of meaning.

• Consolidated Previous Knowledge: Mastery of the compound sentence by subordination presupposes a solid understanding of the simple sentence, which highlights the interconnection and progression of grammatical contents.

Suggested Exercises

1. Identify the subordinate clauses in the following examples and classify them according to the proposition they express: cause, concession, condition, conformity, or time.

   • "If you study, you will pass the year".
   • "The review was so good that it made me want to read the book".
   • "Although he was sick, he went to work".

2. In each of the following sentences, indicate the integrating terms and predicatives:

   • "She said the movie was wonderful".
   • "The mother gave a book to her son".
   • "John bought a gift for Mary".

3. Rewrite the following sentences, transforming the temporal subordinate clause into a causal subordinate clause and the causal subordinate clause into a temporal subordinate clause:

   • "When the rain stops, we will go to the park".
   • "Since it is raining, we will not go to the park".