Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding Ionic Bonds: The first objective is to ensure that students fully understand what an ionic bond is, how it occurs, and which elements are more likely to form this type of bond. This includes understanding the concept of ions and the difference between cations and anions.

2. Identification of Ionic Bonds in Compounds: The second objective is for students to be able to identify compounds that have ionic bonds. This requires the ability to analyze the structure of a compound and determine if it is formed by ionic bonds.

3. Lattice Energy Calculation: The third objective is for students to be able to calculate the lattice energy of an ionic compound. This involves applying formulas and understanding the concept of lattice energy.

Secondary objectives:

• Practical Application: Besides understanding the theory, students should be able to apply this knowledge in practice. This includes solving problems and questions involving ionic bonds and lattice energy.

• Development of Critical Thinking: Finally, students should develop the ability to think critically when analyzing and evaluating different scenarios of ionic bonds. This helps to strengthen the understanding of the concept and the ability to apply it in various situations.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson with a brief review of the concepts of ions, cations, and anions, which were previously studied. It is important to ensure that all students have a solid understanding of these concepts, as they are fundamental to understanding ionic bonds. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem Situations: Next, the teacher should present two problem situations that illustrate the importance of ionic bonds in everyday life. For example, students can be asked why table salt dissolves easily in water, or why ionic compounds tend to be crystalline solids at room temperature. These questions will help spark students' interest in the topic and demonstrate the relevance of ionic bonds. (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher should then contextualize the importance of ionic bonds, explaining that this type of bond is fundamental for the formation of many compounds and materials that are essential for life as we know it. For example, ionic bonds are responsible for the formation of minerals, rocks, and most compounds found in nature. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the Topic: Finally, the teacher should introduce the lesson topic, explaining that students will learn about ionic bonds: what they are, how they are formed, and how they can be identified. The teacher can, for example, start with a curiosity, such as the fact that diamond, one of the hardest known substances, is formed by covalent bonds, while table salt, a crystalline substance that dissolves easily in water, is formed by ionic bonds. (2 - 3 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Modeling Activity with Playdough (10 - 15 minutes):

   • Objective: Provide students with a practical experience to understand how ions attract and repel each other in the formation of an ionic bond.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should divide the class into groups of no more than five students and provide each group with playdough in two different colors (one representing cations and the other anions).

     2. Next, the teacher should guide the students to form ions (cations and anions) with the playdough and arrange the ions in space so that the cations of one group are close to the anions of the other group.

     3. Students should observe what happens when ions of opposite charges come close. They will notice that the ions attract each other, forming a crystalline structure.

     4. The teacher should explain that this attraction between ions of opposite charges is what we call an ionic bond, and that this attractive force keeps the ions together in the ionic compound.

     5. Finally, students should dismantle the structure and repeat the process, this time with cations and anions of different colors, to see the formation of a new ionic compound.

2. Puzzle Activity (10 - 15 minutes):

   • Objective: Develop students' ability to identify ionic bonds in different compounds.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should prepare cards with the formula of different ionic compounds in advance. For example, one card may have the formula for table salt (NaCl), another the formula for copper sulfate (CuSO4), and so on.

     2. The teacher should distribute the cards randomly to the student groups.

     3. Each group should then analyze the formula of the compound on their card and assemble a puzzle, where each ion is represented by a piece of the card. For example, in the case of table salt, one piece of the card may represent the sodium ion (Na+) and another piece the chloride ion (Cl-).

     4. When all groups have finished, the teacher should ask each group to show their puzzle to the class and explain why the structure formed represents an ionic compound.

     5. This activity helps reinforce students' understanding of what an ionic bond is and how it forms.

3. Group Discussion (5 - 10 minutes):

   • Objective: Stimulate the exchange of ideas and argumentation among students about the concept of ionic bonds and their importance.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. After completing the activities, the teacher should promote a group discussion where each group can share their observations and conclusions.

     2. The teacher should encourage students to ask each other questions and explain their ideas, thus promoting critical thinking and argumentation.

     3. The teacher should guide the discussion, clarifying doubts, reinforcing concepts, and pointing out the relevance of ionic bonds in various contexts, such as the formation of minerals, rocks, and everyday chemical reactions.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes):

   • Objective: Allow students to share their discoveries and learnings with their peers, further promoting the exchange of ideas and critical thinking.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should promote a group discussion where each group should share their conclusions and solutions from the practical activities performed.

     2. A representative from each group should be encouraged to express their opinions and ideas, and other groups should be encouraged to ask questions and make comments.

     3. The teacher should guide the discussion, clarifying possible doubts, reinforcing concepts, and pointing out the relevance of ionic bonds in various contexts, such as the formation of minerals, rocks, and everyday chemical reactions.

2. Connection with Theory (2 - 3 minutes):

   • Objective: Make students connect the practical activities performed with the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should start this stage by asking students how they believe the practical activities performed connect with the theory presented.

     2. Students should be encouraged to think and express their opinions clearly and well-founded.

     3. The teacher should then synthesize the students' responses, reinforcing the connection between theory and practice.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes):

   • Objective: Provide students with a moment to reflect on what they learned during the lesson.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should propose that students individually reflect on the following questions:

        • What was the most important concept you learned today?
        • What questions remain unanswered?

     2. After a minute of reflection, the teacher should ask some students to share their answers with the class.

     3. The teacher should listen carefully to the students' answers, providing feedback and clarifying doubts if necessary.

     4. This stage helps consolidate learning, allowing students to identify the concepts they understood and the areas that still need more study or clarification.

4. Closure (1 minute):

   • Objective: Conclude the lesson by emphasizing the importance of the studied topic and encouraging students to continue exploring the subject outside the classroom.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should conclude the lesson by making a brief summary of the main points covered and reinforcing the importance of ionic bonds in chemistry and everyday life.

     2. Students should be encouraged to continue exploring the topic at home through readings and research and to bring their questions to the next lesson.

     3. The teacher should remind students about homework, if any, and about the next lesson, reinforcing the schedule and the content that will be covered.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Key Concepts (2 - 3 minutes):

   • Objective: Recap the main concepts and information presented during the lesson, reinforcing students' understanding.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should summarize the key concepts of the lesson, including what an ionic bond is, how it occurs, which elements are more likely to form this type of bond, and how to identify ionic bonds in compounds.

     2. The teacher should recall the practical activities performed and how they helped illustrate and strengthen the understanding of these concepts.

     3. It is important for the teacher to ask questions to verify if students understood the concepts. For example, the teacher can ask: "What is an ionic bond?" or "How would you identify an ionic bond in a compound?".

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes):

   • Objective: Highlight the importance of connecting theory with practice and real applications, reinforcing the relevance of the studied topic.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should explain how the lesson connected the theory of ionic bonds with practice, through the modeling and puzzle activities, and with everyday life, through the discussed problem situations.

     2. The teacher should reinforce the importance of understanding ionic bonds, not only for the chemistry subject but also for understanding natural phenomena, such as the formation of minerals and rocks, and industrial processes, such as the production of chemicals and medicines.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes):

   • Objective: Suggest additional resources for students to deepen their knowledge on the subject.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should suggest some extra materials for students who wish to delve deeper into the subject, such as books, articles, videos, and chemistry websites.

     2. For example, the teacher can suggest the book "Chemistry: The Central Science" by Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, and Bruce E. Bursten, which contains a complete section on chemical bonds, including ionic bonds.

     3. The teacher can also suggest educational videos on YouTube, such as those from the "Khan Academy" channel, which clearly and didactically explain the concepts of chemical bonds.

4. Relevance of the Topic (1 minute):

   • Objective: Encourage students to continue exploring the subject outside the classroom, emphasizing the importance of ionic bonds in everyday life and various fields of knowledge.

   • Step-by-step:

     1. The teacher should conclude the lesson by reinforcing the importance of the studied topic, explaining that ionic bonds are fundamental for the formation of many of the compounds and materials we use daily.

     2. The teacher should encourage students to continue exploring the topic and to bring their questions to the next lesson.

     3. Finally, the teacher should remind students about homework, if any, and about the next lesson, reinforcing the schedule and the content that will be covered.