Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of urban geography: Students should be able to define what urban geography is, understanding its scope and importance within the study of geography. They should be able to identify the main topics addressed in the study of urban geography, such as the organization of urban space, the dynamics of cities, and the interaction between man and the urban environment.

2. Recognize the characteristics of cities and their different forms: Students should be able to identify the main characteristics of cities, such as population density, infrastructure, cultural and economic diversity. In addition, they should be able to differentiate the various forms of cities, such as megacities, global cities, medium-sized cities, and small cities.

3. Analyze the process of urbanization and its impacts: Students should be able to understand the process of urbanization, identifying its causes and consequences. Additionally, they should be able to analyze the impacts of urbanization on the environment and society, such as the emergence of environmental problems, social inequality, and spatial segregation.

Secondary Objectives:

• Develop research and analysis skills: Throughout the lesson, students will be encouraged to conduct research, collect information, and analyze data related to urban geography. This will help develop their research and analysis skills, which are essential for the study of geography and other disciplines.

• Stimulate critical thinking: Students will be challenged to think critically about the concepts and phenomena presented. They will be encouraged to ask questions, formulate hypotheses, and evaluate arguments, which will contribute to the development of their critical thinking skills.

• Promote socio-environmental awareness: By discussing the impacts of urbanization, students will be encouraged to reflect on the importance of sustainability and social justice in the urban environment. This will contribute to the development of their socio-environmental awareness.

During the Introduction, the teacher must clearly establish these Objectives, explaining to the students what they should expect to learn and what skills they should develop throughout the lesson.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous concepts: The teacher starts the lesson by reviewing basic concepts of geography, such as the study of geographic space, the relationship between man and the environment, and the different types of human settlements. This review is crucial for students to understand the new content that will be presented. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem situation: The teacher proposes two problem situations to arouse students' interest and introduce the topic. The first one is: 'Why are some cities larger and more developed than others?' The second one is: 'What are the impacts of building large buildings and infrastructures in cities?' Students are encouraged to reflect on these questions and share their ideas. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher explains the importance of studying urban geography, highlighting how this knowledge is relevant to understanding the dynamics of cities, contemporary urban challenges, and the relationship between man and the environment. He also mentions some professions that deal directly with urban geography, such as urban planners, architects, geographers, and sociologists. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the topic: The teacher introduces the concept of urban geography, explaining that it is the study of urban space, cities, and their inhabitants. To capture students' attention, he shares some curiosities and interesting facts about cities around the world, such as the fact that Tokyo is the most populous city in the world, or that Venice, Italy, is a city built on islands and has no streets, only canals. (3 - 4 minutes)

By the end of the Introduction, students should be motivated to learn more about urban geography, understanding its importance and relevance. They should be prepared to deepen their knowledge about the characteristics of cities, the process of urbanization, and the impacts of urbanization.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory: Definition and Characteristics of Cities (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher begins by explaining the definition of a city in geography, emphasizing that it is a densely populated area with urban infrastructure and a diversity of economic and cultural activities.
   • Next, the teacher addresses the main characteristics of cities, such as the concentration of people, cultural diversity, the complexity of economic activities, urban infrastructure, and urban services.
   • The teacher can use examples of well-known cities, both national and international, to illustrate these characteristics and facilitate students' understanding.

2. Theory: Different Forms of Cities (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher explains the different forms of cities, such as megacities, global cities, medium-sized cities, and small cities. He highlights the characteristics of each, such as the number of inhabitants, economic and cultural importance, and urban infrastructure.
   • Again, the teacher can use real examples to illustrate these differences, such as São Paulo (megacity), New York (global city), Curitiba (medium-sized city), and Paraty (small city).

3. Theory: Process of Urbanization and Its Impacts (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher introduces the concept of urbanization, explaining that it is the process of urban population growth in relation to rural population.
   • He discusses the main causes of urbanization, such as rural exodus and industrialization, and the impacts of this process, such as the need for urban expansion, demand for natural resources and energy, and the generation of waste and pollution.
   • The teacher also addresses the impacts of urbanization on society, such as income concentration and spatial segregation, and on the environment, such as ecosystem degradation and increased ecological footprint.

4. Practice: Discussion and Analysis (5 - 7 minutes)

   • After presenting the theory, the teacher proposes a classroom discussion, encouraging students to analyze the information presented and express their opinions and ideas.
   • The teacher can ask questions to stimulate student participation, such as 'What is the importance of cities in the economy and culture of a country?' or 'What are the main challenges facing Brazilian cities today?'.
   • He can also propose a group research activity, in which students will research a city of their choice and present the characteristics that make it a unique city, the urban challenges it faces, and the impacts of its urbanization process.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Concept Review (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher starts the Return by reviewing the main concepts presented during the lesson, reinforcing the definition and characteristics of cities, the different forms of cities, the process of urbanization, and its impacts.
   • To do this, he can ask direct questions to students, asking them to explain in their own words the concepts presented. For example, 'What is a megacity and what are its main characteristics?' or 'What are the impacts of urbanization on society and the environment?'.
   • The teacher must be attentive to correct possible misconceptions and reinforce concepts that have not been fully understood.

2. Connection to Practice (3 - 4 minutes)

   • Next, the teacher should make the connection between the theory presented and practice, reinforcing the importance of studying urban geography for understanding the world we live in.
   • For example, he can discuss how the study of urban geography can help understand the challenges and opportunities of Brazilian cities, such as the need to improve public transportation, promote social inclusion, and preserve the environment.
   • The teacher can also discuss how knowledge about the different forms of cities can be useful for students in their daily lives, for example, when choosing a city to visit or live in, or when planning a business trip.

3. Final Reflection (2 - 3 minutes)

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher proposes that students reflect on what they have learned. He asks open questions, such as 'What was the most important concept you learned today?' and 'What questions have not been answered yet?'.
   • Students are encouraged to think about these questions and share their answers with the class. This can be done orally, or students can be asked to write their reflections on a piece of paper, which will be collected by the teacher.
   • The teacher must reinforce that reflection is an important part of the learning process, as it helps students consolidate what they have learned and identify what they still need to learn.

At the end of the Return, students should have a clear understanding of the concepts presented and their importance. They should be able to make connections between theory and practice, and should be motivated to continue learning about urban geography.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Lesson Summary (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher starts the Conclusion by giving a brief summary of the main points covered during the lesson. He recaps the definition of urban geography, the characteristics of cities, the different forms of cities, the process of urbanization, and its impacts.
   • The teacher can use a board or a slide presentation to highlight the main points, making the summary visually appealing and facilitating students' understanding.

2. Connection between Theory and Practice (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher explains how the lesson connected theory, practice, and application. He reinforces that during the lesson, students not only learned about the theoretical concepts of urban geography, but also had the opportunity to apply this knowledge in analyzing the characteristics of cities, the process of urbanization, and its impacts.
   • He also highlights how urban geography is a discipline that has practical applications, helping to understand and address the challenges of contemporary cities.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher suggests some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of urban geography. These materials may include books, articles, documentaries, websites, and geography apps.
   • For example, he may recommend the book 'The Production of Space' by Henri Lefebvre, which is a reference in urban space theory, or the documentary 'Cities of Tomorrow', which explores urban innovations around the world.
   • The teacher may also suggest some websites and apps, such as Google Earth and Geocomunas, which allow students to explore and analyze the urban space of different cities.

4. Subject Importance (1 minute)

   • To conclude, the teacher reinforces the importance of the subject presented. He explains that urban geography is essential for understanding the world we live in, as the majority of the world's population lives in cities.
   • He emphasizes that knowledge about urban geography can be useful in various situations of daily life, from choosing a city to visit or live in, to understanding the challenges and opportunities of Brazilian cities.
   • The teacher also highlights that urban geography can open doors to various careers, such as urban planner, architect, geographer, sociologist, among others.

At the end of the Conclusion, students should have a clear view of what they have learned and how they can continue learning about urban geography. They should be motivated to explore the suggested extra materials and apply the knowledge acquired in their daily lives.