Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Understand the relationship between physical exercise and the human body: The teacher should guide the students to understand how physical exercise directly impacts the human body, both in terms of health and physical performance. This includes discussing the physiological changes that occur during exercise, such as heart rate and breathing, and how the body adapts to physical training.

2. Identify the benefits of physical exercise for health: The teacher should highlight the benefits of physical exercise for overall health, including maintaining a healthy weight, preventing chronic diseases, strengthening the immune system, and improving mental health.

3. Understand the different types of physical exercise and their effects on the body: The teacher should discuss the different types of physical exercise, such as aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises, and how each uniquely affects the body. This will help students understand the importance of a variety of physical activities in a balanced exercise program.

Secondary Objectives:

• Promote awareness of the importance of regular physical activity: The teacher should encourage students to reflect on their own level of physical activity and the importance of incorporating regular physical activity into their lifestyle.

• Stimulate discussion and active participation: In addition to acquiring theoretical knowledge, students should be encouraged to share their own experiences and opinions on the topic. This can be done through group discussions, practical activities, and homework assignments.

• Foster the understanding that physical exercise is a continuous process: The teacher should emphasize that physical exercise is not just a one-time activity, but rather a continuous process that requires commitment and consistency. This can help motivate students to adopt an active and healthy lifestyle.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson by reminding students of the basic concepts of anatomy and physiology of the human body, with a special focus on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This review can be done through quick questions to actively engage students in the learning process. For example: What is the function of the heart? How does breathing change during exercise?

2. Problem Situations: To spark students' interest in the lesson topic, the teacher can present two problem situations:

   • Situation 1: "Imagine you are a race athlete and during a competition your heart starts beating very fast. Why does this happen and what can you do to control your breathing and maintain a healthy rhythm?"

   • Situation 2: "Imagine you spend most of your free time playing video games and do not engage in any regular physical activity. What impact could this have on your health and why?"

3. Contextualization: The teacher should explain to students the importance of the lesson topic, relating it to everyday situations. For example, how physical exercise helps prevent diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, and how lack of exercise can contribute to the development of these diseases. The teacher can also mention the impact of physical exercise on mental health, citing research that shows the relationship between physical activity and emotional well-being.

4. Capturing Students' Attention: To capture students' interest, the teacher can share some curiosities or stories related to the topic. For example:

   • Curiosity 1: "Did you know that during intense exercise, an athlete's heart can pump up to 30 liters of blood per minute, compared to just 5 liters per minute at rest?"

   • Curiosity 2: "Have you heard of 'endorphins', the happiness hormone? When we exercise, our body releases endorphins, which make us feel good and relieve stress."

After the Introduction, students should have a clear understanding of the purpose of the lesson and be motivated to learn more about the topic.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theoretical Explanation (10 - 15 minutes): The teacher should provide a detailed explanation of the relationship between physical exercise and the human body. Here are the main points to be addressed:

   • Cardiovascular System and Exercise: The teacher should explain how exercise affects the cardiovascular system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure to provide more oxygen and nutrients to active muscles. This can be illustrated with a practical example, such as comparing heart rate at rest and during exercise.

   • Respiratory System and Exercise: The teacher should discuss how the respiratory system responds to exercise, increasing the rate and depth of breathing to increase the amount of oxygen available to the muscles. This can be demonstrated with a practical activity, such as measuring respiratory rate before and after a brief exercise.

   • Muscular System and Exercise: The teacher should explain how exercise affects the muscular system, strengthening muscles and improving endurance. This can be illustrated with a practical example, such as demonstrating a strength exercise like push-ups, and an endurance exercise like running.

   • Other Systems and Exercise: The teacher should briefly discuss how exercise affects other body systems, such as the nervous system (improving coordination and reaction) and the endocrine system (releasing feel-good hormones like endorphins).

2. Practical Activity (5 - 10 minutes): To reinforce students' understanding, the teacher should conduct a practical activity. Here is a suggestion:

   • Exercise Simulation and Body Monitoring: The teacher should divide the class into small groups and provide each group with heart rate monitors. Each group should simulate different types of exercises (for example, running, doing push-ups, stretching) and monitor heart rate. Then, the groups should discuss and record their observations, relating them to what they learned in the theoretical explanation.

3. Discussion and Reflection (5 minutes): After the practical activity, the teacher should facilitate a class discussion where students can share their observations and reflections. The teacher can ask questions to stimulate the discussion, such as "Which type of exercise caused the greatest increase in heart rate?", "Why do you think this may have happened?" or "How did you feel after the exercise?" The goal of this discussion is to help students apply what they have learned in practice and reflect on the importance of physical exercise for health and well-being.

This lesson Development combines theory (explanation by the teacher) and practice (activity with heart rate monitoring), allowing students a deeper and more meaningful understanding of the topic.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Synthesis (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should summarize the main points covered during the lesson, reinforcing the relationship between physical exercise and the human body. The key points to be mentioned are:

   • Physical exercise affects the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems.
   • Different types of exercise have different effects on the body.
   • Physical exercise is a continuous process that requires commitment and consistency.
   • Physical exercise has numerous health benefits, including prevention of chronic diseases and improvement of mental health.

2. Connecting Theory with Practice (3 - 4 minutes): The teacher should explain how the practical activity connects with the presented theory. For example, the teacher can say: "In the practical activity, you had the opportunity to simulate different types of exercise and monitor heart rate. This allowed us to see in practice how exercise affects the body, reinforcing the importance of physical exercise for health".

3. Students' Reflection (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should ask students to reflect for a minute on the following questions:

   1. What was the most important concept you learned today?
   2. What questions do you still have about the topic?

   After the reflection, the teacher should invite students to share their answers. This is an opportunity for the teacher to assess students' understanding of the topic and clarify any remaining doubts.

4. Teacher's Feedback (2 - 3 minutes): Based on students' reflections, the teacher should provide feedback and clarify any confusion or misunderstandings. The teacher can also take this opportunity to reinforce the importance of the topic and motivate students to continue learning about the subject.

This Return is a crucial part of the lesson, as it allows students to consolidate what they have learned, reflect on their learning process, and clarify any doubts. Additionally, it provides the teacher with the opportunity to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and make adjustments if necessary.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should recap the key points discussed during the lesson, emphasizing the relationship between physical exercise and the human body. This includes the influence of exercise on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems, as well as the general benefits of exercise for health. The teacher should also reiterate the importance of a balanced exercise program, which includes a variety of physical activities.

2. Theory-Practice-Application Connection (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher should explain how the lesson connected theory (knowledge about the human body and exercise physiology) with practice (heart rate monitoring during simulated activity), and how these concepts can be applied in real life. For example, students should now be able to understand why they feel out of breath after running or why their muscles are sore after a new exercise.

3. Additional Materials (1 minute): The teacher can suggest some additional resources for students who wish to deepen their knowledge on the topic. This may include books, articles, online videos, or websites from reliable health organizations. For example, the teacher may recommend reading a book on anatomy and exercise physiology, or watching a video explaining the influence of exercise on the cardiovascular system.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher should summarize the importance of the lesson topic for students' daily lives. Physical exercise is essential for maintaining good health, both physically and mentally. Furthermore, knowledge of how exercise affects the body can help students plan and monitor their own exercise programs safely and effectively. The teacher can encourage students to apply what they have learned, for example, when choosing an exercise program, interpreting the body's responses to exercise, or explaining the importance of exercise for health to others.

At the end of the lesson, students should have a clear understanding of the topic and how it applies to their daily lives. They should be able to explain, in their own words, the relationship between physical exercise and the human body, and how different types of exercise affect the body in distinct ways.