(Originais Teachy 2025) - Question Hard of Philosophy

In the context of building a democratic society, ethical values are vital for upholding the rights and responsibilities of citizens. Back in Ancient Greece, ethics were closely tied to the pursuit of virtue and character development. Today, ethics often revolve around universal principles of justice and equality. Given these historical variations, how might modern ethics help to foster democratic values within a diverse society?

Immanuel Kant, one of the key modern philosophers, argued that morality should rest on universal principles that go beyond individual desires and will, which he called the 'categorical imperative.' From this standpoint, actions are deemed morally right only if they can be universalized without contradiction. In contrast, Friedrich Nietzsche challenged the idea of universal morality, claiming it stifles the individual’s will to power and human creativity. Given these philosophical viewpoints, which of the following options best captures the struggle between ethical behaviour as an obligation and personal will in today's world filled with intricate ethical dilemmas?

Throughout history, democracy has gone through significant changes, starting from its origins in Ancient Greece, where only a select few had the right to participate in politics, to today’s landscape, where there's a growing push to engage citizens in democratic processes. Despite this progress, we still face substantial hurdles in ensuring that all members of our society can effectively take part. Given the various forms and democratic practices that have emerged over time, which of the following options best represents a system that aims to enhance citizen participation and fair representation in today’s context?